Are Wars Good for the Economy?

ar contends Good for the de departrance?Mr. PRAKHAR MAHESHWARIAre fights Good For Economy?INTRODUCTION contend, n A tested political tactic guaranteed to raise a presidents popularity grade by at least 30 points. It is especi every(prenominal)y use of goods and servicesful during preference socio-economic classs and economic ingestturns. Chaz Bufe, Ameri arsehole Anarchist AuthorWars. Invasions. Fights. The reason for these and the closing consequence of these is deliverance. Communities, kingdoms and countries guide been trash countless fights and invading other countries and kingdoms in search for wealth and silver. The Mughals and the English came to India having knowledge that the ara was full of gilt and had monolithic wealth. Ameri quite a littles decl bed state of war on Iraq in search of the unusual oil. Even particular individuals fight with their own kin and family for property, wealth and m unmatchabley. solely is destruction of heart and property t he and thing which happens onward, later yet up during a war?This carrying class deals with precisely that. The project focuses on the economic development and/or economic destruction of USA during world wars. However, the project isnt strictly foc employ on wholly US. Countries uniform Britain, France and Ger umpteen a(prenominal) requisite to be habituated a special mention in overmuch(prenominal) kind of a topic. Wars make or break a inelegant. And it is an built-in question that we must ask ourselves Are wars rightfully adept for scrimping?ECONOMY AND WORLD WARSthither are several reasons to enter a war. Although economic reasons are the most measurable, patriotism, loyalty and friendship towards a population and the belief of helping the needy and the right out non only decides if a nation should enter a war but in as range decides which side that realm would join. human War 1The United States entered the war veritablely late. They were participants f or approximately an year and a half from April 1917 to noneember 1918.1 This trivial amour in terms of days was very distinguishable from the point of put on of contribution. The number of Americans serving the Army was much(prenominal) than a staggering quartette million. Not only did they provide men to the fighting nations, they also tote up out them with groovy supply of raw materials and weapons and ammunition.2Before the war, the American prudence was in a bad shape. However, the buying of U.S. weaponry and goods for war by the fighting Europeans and when the U.S. itself joined the conflict, the saving boomed.3 Hugh Rockoff writes that if the United States had non converted the opportunity of fashioning and delivering goods and weapons to the European assort, it would have been next to impossible for the realm to enter and gain ground the war.4 The massive business of such goods, which were added only after sounding at the demands do by the European countr ies, ensured easy entrance of the United States.5 Also, the goods were made in such a track that the country itself would need it if it enters the war.6 The Americans had genuinely realized that the spoils of the war, if they won, would be enormous and the profits were non ignorable.Hugh Rockoff also ob administers that opening into the war in 1917 unleashed massive U.S. federal blow overing which shifted national outpution from civilian to war goods. Between 1914 and 1918, some 3 million bighearted number were added to the military and half a million to the government.7 Infact, the impact of such role was that the ramble of un economic consumption came deck from 7.9 percent to 1.4 percent.8 This was not only due to the appurtenance of men in the armies but also because labours and workers were required in large numbers to new manufacturing jobs homogeneous manufacturing guns, war infrastructure and exploitation technology.9U.S. exports to the European countries, due to this war in 1917, shot up to almost tierce generation the year 1913s exports. spell U.S. exported goods worth $1.5 billion dollars in 1913, the sales were in excess of $4 billion dollars in 1917.10 promptly let us assume that the United States had got nothing to do with the war. It was a neutral country and was not supplying any goods to any European country. Also, let us assume that the raw material employ to stimulate these exports for the European countries were only able to manufacture swell up-nigh half as much value when such goods were transported to other countries which were not at war.11 base on these assumptions, if we calculate the value in output in the year 1917, the loss would come out to be a bit more(prenominal) than $2 billion dollars per year.12 In 1917, this was worth 3.7 percent the U.S GNP and most 6.3 percent of the total U.S. cost of war.13Rockoff estimates the total cost of ground War I to the United States at approximately $32 billion, or 52 p ercent of gross national product at the time. He breaks down the financing of the U.S. war effort as follows 22 percent in taxes, 58 percent by borrowings from the public, and 20 percent in money creation. The War Revenue Act of 1917 taxed excess profits profits special an amount determined by the rate of return on slap-up in a base period by some 20 to 60 percent, and the tax rate on income starting at $50,000 ruddiness from 1.5 percent in 1913-15 to more than 18 percent in 1918. Meanwhile, treasury monument William Gibbs McAdoo crisscrossed the country peddling war bonds, even enlisting the help of Hollywood stars and Boy Scouts. The prevalence of patriotic themes created social crush to purchase the Liberty bonds (and, after the armistice, the Victory bonds), but in consecrate the new bondholders did not make a tangible personal devote in buying war bonds, since the yields on these debt instruments were comparable to those on well-worn municipal bonds at the time. As can be seen, patriotic motives were not sufficient to alter market prices of assets during the war.14Due to this war, various infrastructural projects were taken up and developed want Railroad, fuel and granaries. Since men had to go to war, the women took up the initiatory of working in companies, etc. This ensured the economic freedom of women and more and more women started working.It is often said that the ones gain is anothers loss. Wars are no different. Where one countrys, the United States, economy was loss through a positive transformation, the economies of the European powers were humbled. Even though the Allies won the war, the major participants, the British and the French, suffered massive losses. Saints have said that Everything that shines is not gold. They may have won the war, but economically, they had been fooled by this shine.However, the losses were circumscribe mainly to the strife fields. Overall, even the British economy (in terms of GDP) grew by around 14-15% during the four to five years of the world war. However, the country preoccupied its men fighting for the country.15 As discussed earlier, war also involves patriotism and umteen civilians hence started saving and investing in wars rather than the normal consumption. These investments were used majorly for ammunitions. The Governments share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) lift from 8% to 38% in these five years.16The story of the Germans, the losers of the war, was however very different. Not only they had to give huge taxes and compensation, in that location economy was brought to the knees. Germany, in force(p) like any other country, had to borrow money from various banks, the axis of rotation powers and even its citizens. When the Germans deep in thought(p), they had to kick in back even these creditors. The Germans were left in huge debts and their economy was destroyed. And the main cause of their destruction was the Treaty of Versailles. sayd to be a peace tre aty, many people claim it to be an meaningant reason of the Second public War. This treaty literally forced the Germans to accept huge compensations a total sum of 6.6 billion.17 This amount was way beyond the financial capacities of the Germans. Economy doesnt only mean the money or financial capacity. It also means the territorial extend of the country. After all, even territories are the properties of a country. After the First World War, Germany had to give up large chunks of its territories to the Allied Forces.The Versailles treaty deprived Germany of around 13.5% of its 1914 territory (some sevener million people) and all of its overseas possessions. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France, and Belgium was enlarged in the east with the addition of the formerly German border areas of Eupen and Malmedy. Among other territorial re-arrangements, an area of eastern hemisphere Prussia was bridge playered over to Lithuania, and the Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia. The German arm y was limited to a uttermost of 100,000 men, and a ban placed upon the use of heavy artillery, gas, tanks and aircraft. The German navy blue was similarly restricted to shipping under 10,000 tons, with a ban on submarines.18The other financial and economical clauses of the treaty are dealt with in obligate 248 to 312 with certain Annexes.Hence where some countries were enjoying the spoils of war, the other countries had to pay heavy compensations and reparations.World War 2World War 2 was no different when the reasons for the war are given a thought. The world had seen one of the sterling(prenominal) economic tragedies ever in the form of the Great Depression of 1929, good 6 years onwards the start of the Second World War. on that point was chaos on the streets as people anomic on jobs and the unemployment rate was on an all time high, crossing the 25% mark. The companies were going bankrupt, economy was in a disaster and depression, as the name phenomenon suggests, was spre ad across the world. It was evident that another war was on its way.With the bear witness of Adolf Hitler and economic woes of Germany after accepting the Treaty of Versailles, Germans had to wage wars, once again with the Allied Powers.The U.S., like the previous war, joined this one later, approximately by 2 years. The country, however, like before, started producing and manufacturing wartime goods for the worst case scenario. When the United States got involved in the Second World War, the demand for labor shot up. To fight a war, country of necessity weapons and for that the country needs manufacturing facilities and labor in huge numbers. The national employment suddenly fell to a minimal 10% in retributory a few months of the declaration of war by the country from its 1940 level.19 The country was at war and weapons and infrastructure need to be built up with a rapid speed. Even fortification of borders and military bases abroad was evenly important.20 All these factors co upled with the fact that weapons and military equipments, vehicles and other wartime instruments needed to be transported and mobilized ensured vast labor requirement.21 The Employers wanted to fill the vacancies as fast as possible so as to meet the production demand. This however, brought in vacancies in other non-war areas. These sites were because filled by women and non white people. They had been excluded from a farseeing time from such industries which payed highly and involved high skills. Hence war meant employment for the whole country.22War doesnt only bring profits. It brings massive destruction to life and property. Britain gave us the Industrial Revolution, and the very same industries, which were the gazump of the Great Britain, were left nothing more to rumble. The damage that these facilities incurred, not only in Britain but also in other European countries, was much more than what they had incurred in the previous wars.23 Where the change incurred by France w ere approximately thrice of their total annual income, Britain suffered heavy losses in the form of damages to residential houses.24 About 30% of the homes in Britain were destroyed by Germans in the Second World War, first by the aerial blitz and then by bombs and rockets.25 The Germans, losing the war again, had their country divided into West and East Germany. While West was influenced by the capitalist USA, the East was the communist USSR.The economic woes for Britain and France were not limited to their own countries. They had to let go many important colonies as they had exhausted their money and resources and had none left for their militaries in these areas. India gained its independence as the growing revolts and violence in the country left Britain shocked. Britain had no more resources to deal with these violent outbursts and had to leave the country, just like they had to leave many other territories. USSR and US strengthened their economies during cold war, but USSR, a fter the nook of 1970, could not recover like the US and had to surrender in the cold war. It has been seen by historians that whenever countries have not at peace(p) to war or had no threat of being attacked, their economy have not grown or grown but with a very low percentage.But the wars, obscure from developing or destroying economies, affect common man too. Inflation and rise in taxes are the two main effects. These are however improvident term.Increasing taxes reduces consumer spending, which does not help the economy improve at all. Suppose we lessening government spending on social programs. Firstly weve lost the benefits those social programs provide. The recipients of those programs will now have less money to spend on other items, so the economy will dec run along as a whole. Increasing the debt means that well either have to decrease spending or increase taxes in the future its a way to delay the inevitable. Plus on that points all those interest payments in the me antime.26Lack of warsThe European countries in the western side of the continent have very little or no threat of being overtaken by another country in the present times. The politicians and ministers are therefore not criticized for not developing the economy faster. Infact, when these ministers lose their office, they are garlanded with income boosts from counseling and consultation as well as speaking fees. If not these, then they retire to an amazing and languorous holiday spot.27 This however is not true for the countries that formulation constant riskiness from their neighbors or other countries. An drill would be that of China and Japan. The Japanese tone great pressure, both territorial and geographical from the Chinese.28 This is true for India and Pakistan. India today is the largest importer of ammunitions as she faces constant and grave danger from its parted neighbors, Pakistan.Hence where countries like India face constant danger from almost all its neighboring co untries, they are the highest importers of ammunitions and weapons and countries like Switzerland, which are considered to be one of the most peaceful countries, hardly import any weapons.29 US spend approximately $650 billion dollars in ammunitions.30 This is what wars can do. They can make a country develop its resources and infrastructure.CONCLUSIONAs we can see, wars have the ability to develop an economy. In this project we dealt with common chord types of outcomes of a war. And each type had its representative. In the first type of outcome, the country wins. They win and enjoy a good deal of compensation. there economy grows by leaps and bounds, the rate of unemployment declines, infrastructure develops and the spoils of war compensate the losses they suffer. An example of this is the United States. While they joined late in the world wars, they had a great say and impact on the war. They had already developed their weapons and ammunitions and had gone to war with preparatio n. The second type of outcome is one in which although the country wins the war, they are badly hurt as far as economy is concerned. Their industries are destroyed, territories left damaged and even the spoils of war are not enough for their recovery. Britain and France are good examples of these. They won the Second World War but ended up losing more than what they won. They exhausted all their resources and their colonies gained independence. The leash type of outcome is one in which the country loses Germany being the example. Germany lost both its wars and had to pay damages which the obviously couldnt. Infact, they had to ask for loans from the same countries they had to pay the damages.But leaving aside these so called boosters of economy, can any war, battle or fight justify the loss of human life? How can we as humans put a value to a persons life? Economy may procure boosted but for a short while. The damage to life, however, is a very very abundant one. In conclusion, I would like to say that war, like alcohol, is an addiction. Initially it tastes good, you think that all the worries are now away. But its not immense before the person indulging himself in such addiction realizes that the pleasure was momentary, what he faces now is scars for life, which no money or economy can remove.1 price Fishback, U.S. Economy in World War I (eh.net 2010) http//eh.net/ cyclopaedia/u-s-economy-in-world-war-i/ accessed 28 June 2014.2 toll Fishback, U.S. Economy in World War I (eh.net 2010) http//eh.net/encyclopedia/u-s-economy-in-world-war-i/ accessed 28 June 2014.3 Carlos Lozada, The Economics of World War I (nber.org 2014) http//www.nber.org/digest/jan05/w10580.html accessed 29 June 2014.4 ibid.5 ibidem6 ibid.7 Ibid.8 Ibid.9 Carlos Lozada, The Economics of World War I (nber.org 2014) http//www.nber.org/digest/jan05/w10580.html accessed 29 June 2014.10 Price Fishback, U.S. Economy in World War I (eh.net 2010) http//eh.net/encyclopedia/u-s-economy-in-world-w ar-i/ accessed 28 June 2014.11 Ibid.12 Price Fishback, U.S. Economy in World War I (eh.net 2010) http//eh.net/encyclopedia/u-s-economy-in-world-war-i/ accessed 28 June 2014.13 Ibid.14 Carlos Lozada, The Economics of World War I (nber.org 2014) http//www.nber.org/digest/jan05/w10580.html accessed 29 June 2014.15 Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War Explaining World War I (1st, Basic Books, 1988) 249.16 Ibid.17 London Jewish Cultural Centre, Economic effects of the Treaty of Versailles (theholocaustexplained.org 2009) http//www.theholocaustexplained.org/ks4/the-nazi-rise-to-power/the-german-economy-c-1919-29/economic-effects-of-the-treaty-of-versailles/ accessed 29 June 2014.18 Michael Duffy, Treaty of Versailles, 28 June 1919 (firstworldwar.com 2009) http//www.firstworldwar.com/source/versailles.htm accessed 29 June 2014.19 David Siminoff and Deb Tennen, World War II Home Front (shmoop.com 2009) http//www.shmoop.com/wwii-home-front/economy.html accessed 29 June 201420 Ibid.21 Ibid.22 Ibid .23 Dr. Susmit Kumar, Consequences of World Wars I and II (susmitkumar.net 2010) http//www.susmitkumar.net/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=66consequenses-of-world-wars-i-and-iiItemid=38 accessed 29 June 2014.24 Ibid.25 Dr. Susmit Kumar, Consequences of World Wars I and II (susmitkumar.net 2010) http//www.susmitkumar.net/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=66consequenses-of-world-wars-i-and-iiItemid=38 accessed 29 June 2014.26 Jodi Beggs, Are Wars Good for the Economy? (about.com 2014) http//economics.about.com/cs/issues/l/aa032003c.htm accessed 29 June 2014.27 Tyler Cowen, The Lack of major Wars May Be Hurting Economic Growth (nytimes.com 2014) http//www.nytimes.com/2014/06/14/ emergence/the-lack-of-major-wars-may-be-hurting-economic-growth.html?_r=0 accessed 29 June 2014.28 Ibid.29 The 15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2013 (table). capital of Sweden International Peace Research Institute (2011).30 Ibid. tabun OKeeffe artificer Biography gal lium OKeeffe maneuverist Biographyatomic number 31 OKeeffeGeorgia OKeeffe is one of many famous American pigmenters. Her paintings of flowers, skulls, horns, and pelvises against a colorful rising Mexico background are what made her known to the art world (Zophy 448). There are so many interesting facts about Georgia OKeeffe, which include her education and didactics, her major works and where they are, the follows she has received, and her oxford gray order of payments.Georgia and her siblings tended to(p) the Number Five District school house. This school was called the Town antechamber School. Georgia once stated, My memories of childhood are quite pleasant, although I dislike school. I left the local school when I was twelve, and was sent to a convent school in Madison, Wisconsin. It was the one year I ever really learned anything, (Robinson 24).While Georgia attended the Sacred Heart School, she was in the advanced section of her class. At the convent in Madison, I do nt even remember wanting to do anything I shouldnt, she said (31). In 1902, she was sent to the big public high school in Milwaukee. She didnt pay much attention to the academics and did not like the art teacher either. In the art room of the high school, she realized that the world through which she passing played was a never ending source for her work. Since the age of ten, she knew that painting would be her life long profession (Zophy 448).Georgia first taught at the Chatham Episcopalian Institute in Williamsburg, Virginia. The six weeks at Chatham showed Georgia how to continue her art, live in the country and be able to live off her artworks. It showed her a life she might make for herself after all (Robinson, 79).Georgia was offered a teaching position at the University of Virginia. When she wrote to a friend in Texas to get a reference, her friend told her about an opening in Amarillo. She immediately took the position in Amarillo. I was very excited about going to Texas, where baton the Kid had been, (Robinson, 86).Later she went to West Texas State Normal College in the Texas panhandle. Her teaching methods were unofficial. Georgia was head of her own department. She taught the students the methods of design, draw, costume design, interior decoration, and the teaching of rough drawing (Robinson, 159). unrivalled of Georgias many famous paintings is the Jack-In-The-Pulpit series. This series is a powerful celebration of the strong thrust of spring and of the Cimmerian secret tower enfolded in green. Due to the natural design of the Jack, the paintings have been viewed as sexual. Georgia did not like her paintings to be put into that family unit (Robinson, 354).Another series of Georgias paintings is the Corn series. She got the inspiration to paint this series while living with Albert, her husband, in the country. She loved working in her garden which is where the vision came to her. The design of the young plants while she was looking down on to them made an exciting and stirring statement to her (Robinson, 269).The Georgia OKeeffe Museum exposed on July 17, 1997 in Santa Fe, invigorated Mexico and was built for the purpose of preserving and presenting the life work of one of Americas famous creative persons, this museum now houses a abiding collecton of OKeeffes art (Georgia). OKeeffe Museums Director, slit H. Hassrick, added, OKeeffes life and work are central to the Santa Fe mix. When people visit Santa Fe, they think of Georgia OKeeffe, and an institution utilize to her artistic accomplishments, located in the region that inspired much of her work, is long overdue. (Georgia).There are more than eighty paintings, watercolors, drawings, pastels, and sculptures in the collection. One of the oculuspieces of the collection is Jimson Weed, a large-scale flower painting, one of her deary flowers, created in 1982. She liked to make more than one version of her paintings (Georgia). The museums long-range plans includ e the inninging of a study center on the museum grounds providing scholars, students, and the general public with reference materials on the life and art of Georgia OKeeffe and her fellow artists (Robinson, 423)Another place that Georgias paintings can be seen is at the case Gallery of Art. Secretary of Treasury, An force W. Mellon, first wrote of his interest in creating a national art museum in Washington, D.C. in the year of 1928. Later in 1937, Congress passed legislation to build the National Gallery of Art as an independent agency at heart the Smithsonian Institution. Four years later, the National Gallery of Art was dedicated by chairwoman Roosevelt in the evening of the seventeenth of March which was attended by over 8,000 guests (National).The mission of the National Gallery of Art is to serve the United States of America in a national role by preserving, collecting, exhibiting, and fostering the understanding of works of art, at the highest possible museum and scholarly standard, ( mission).The 291st Gallery in virgin York was the first gallery to recognize her talent. There were few galleries in New York that showed American art because each artist had their own special style (Younger). It soon closed currently after its opening in 1917 (Younger).Georgia had received many great honors throughout her life. Here are some of them in 1935 she was accepted for excellence in her field by the New York League of commercial enterprise and Professional Women. Later, in May of 1938, she received her first honorary degree, a doctorate of fine arts, from the college of William and Mary, in Williamsburg (Robinson 423). In 1939, she was chosen as one of the twelve most outstanding women of the past fifty years. Her painting, Sunset-Long Island, was picked to represent New York at the Worlds Fair (Ahsby, 432). In 1942, she was given a second honorary degree, this one from the University of Wisconsin. In 1946, Georgia received an honor from the Womens Nationa l Press Club, as one of ten women who had reached feature in their fields (Ashby, 451).Thirty-one years later, on January 10, 1977, Georgia was given the thenar of Freedom, which is Americas highest civilian award and was awarded to her by president Gerald Ford (The Award). Georgia recieved another award from a chair in April of 1985. This one was the National Medal of Arts, given to her by President Ronald Reagan. This is the highest award given to artists and art supporters by the United States Government. With this medal, the President recognizes the design of creative expression of Americas artists. This is a lifetime exertion award. (The Award) Georgia was given this medal one year before her death (National).In 1962, the American Academy of Arts and letter elected her into membership. That same year she was honored with the Bandeis University Creative Arts Award. In 1966, she became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Robinson 507).Georgia OKeeffe also did many charcoal drawings. Her very first charcoal drawing was titled the Special No. 15, a very early drawing of the Palo Duro Canyon in Texas. It sends a remarkable and significant sense of place. wherefore eighteen years later in 1934, she drew Special No. 40. She wrote, This is from the sea a shell and paintings followed. Maybe not as good as this drawing. Also in this group of Georgias drawings is a rare charcoal drawing of her friend, the African American painter Beauford Delaney from the 1940s. In 1959, she made a charcoal drawing of a riverbed in a desert, which was inspired by sketches she made during one of her first sheet rides (Philidelphia).Another one, Banana Flower No. 1, was chosen by Albert to be shown in his gallery. Because of her high standards when drawing flowers, some people thought there was some hidden meaning in them (American). She also drew Maybe a Kiss in 1916, another of a series, because of a boyfriend who left (Robinson 133). In 1934, she drew th e Eagle Claw and bean plant Necklace (Robinson, 406).All of Georgia OKeeffes paintings and drawings had a reason to be drawn. The first reason is because she loved nature. Many times, she said, You know how you walk on a country road and notice a little tussock of grass, and the next time you pass that way you stop to see how it is acquire along and how much it has grown? (Robinson 233).Many of Georgias visions came from nature, she would tell apart people this by saying, When you take a flower in your hand and really look at it, its your world for a moment, (Robinson, 33). She would walk through the pines and hear singing woods, (Robinson, 118). On the prairie she noticed how dried get up and skulls had a beauty of their own. She liked the color, strength, and shapes of these. (Robinson, 119)Another reason for her charcoal drawings is because of her emotions. In the nineteenth century, and in earlier decades of the twentieth century, art critics enjoyed the sentimental and lon g discussions of the emotional qualities in the paintings they saw drearness, tenderness, passion, rage all four were great feelings to be kept in print (Robinson, 178). It seemed she did most of her charcoal drawings when she was sad or lonely (Ashby, 133). She once told a friend that art was a force that passed through the soul (Robinson, 28).Summing up her life, Georgia moved to Abiquiu, New Mexico permanently after her husband died in 1946. She had visited there many times before and fell in love with the place. She rented a ranch and stayed there six months out of the year (Ashby 204). Her style was known as modernism. more or less of her most innovative works were in watercolors, pastel, and charcoal (OKeeffe). By the year of 1984, she was blind (Robinson 249). She spent the rest of her life with a nurse. She died on March 6, 1986 at a hospital in Santa Fe, New Mexico. She was cardinal years old. She was cremated and her ashes were scattered into the windy landscape near h er house at Ghost Ranch ( Robinson, 550). This base has some of the many interesting facts about Georgia OKeeffe, including her education and teaching, her major works and where they are, all of the honors she has received, and her charcoal drawings. Georgia OKeeffe had a very interesting life, this term paper only touched on part of it.Works CitedAmerican. Arkansas Art Center. 2000. 20 Feb 2008. .Ashby, Ruth, and Deborah Gore Ohrn. Georgia OKeeffe. Herstory Women Who Changed the World. New York Penguin Books, 1995 202-204.The Award. Presidential Medal of Freedom. 2007. 20 Feb 2008. .Georgia OKeeffe Museum. Traditional Fine Arts Online, Inc. 1997. 22 Feb 2008. .Mission Statement. National Gallery of Art. 2008. 21 Feb 2008. .National Gallery of Art. National Gallery of Art. 2008. 19 Feb 2008. .The National Medal of Arts. National Endowment for the Arts. 22 Feb 2008. .OKeeffe on Paper. Traditional Fine Arts Online, Inc. 1996-2001. 22 Feb 2008. .Robinson, Roxana. Georgia OKeeffe A Lif e. New York Harper Row, 1989 24-550.Special. Philadelphia Museum of Art. 1996-1999. 20 Feb 2008. .Younger American Artists. National Gallery of Art. 2008. 21 Feb 2008. .Zophy, Angela Howard, and Frances M. Kavenik. Georgia OKeeffe. Handbook of American Womens History. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, 1990 448.Bradford strain Standard Quantitative manner DeterminationBradford Assay Standard Quantitative Method DeterminationThe Bradford render is a standard quantitative method for the determination of protein submersions. Bradford reagent used in the assay contains Coomassie Blue which produces a characteristic blue colour upon cover song to proteins in solution (Bradford, Anal. Biochem. 72 248, 1976).. Using a spectrophotometer the absorbance of the coloured product can be determined. outline of multiple samples may involve the use of a microtitre plate so that samples can be replicated and more legitimate results obtained. The use of microtitre plates also automates the process so results are produced very quickly. Samples are pipetted into multi-well plates and the absorbance values measured development a multi-well microtitre plate reader supply with a 595 nm filter.Part 1 Calibration Data for the Bradford AssayA calibration pervert for the Bradford assay in the range 0.2- 1.0 mg/ml was obtained using three replicates for each concentration, using a microtitre plate. These entropy are shown in Figure 1 below. Linear Regression Analysis was performed and the equation of the line of best fit, y=mx +c, was produced (where y represents absorbance, x is the concentration of protein, m is the slope of the line of best fit and c is the intercept of the line on the y-axis).Q1. Describe the relationship between protein concentration and absorbance for the Bradford assay calibration curve.Q2. What is meant by a line of best fit?Q3. Comment on the value of R2Using the values of the equation of the line of best fit, the absorbance value f or each standard was used to calculate the actual concentration of protein in each replicate. The mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation ((mean/SD)x100%) were calculate and are presented in Table 1 belowComment on the reproducibility of the assay in the range 0.2 to 1.0mg/ml of protein.Part 2 Investigation of the effects of detergents on the absorbance of a set concentration of protein, using the Bradford Assay.BackgroundYou are part of a research team that is looking at the different proteins involved in a cell signalling parcel of land which leads to the increased synthesis of a specific protein, P. One technique used in this work involves the use of cells kept under tissue refining conditions. These cells are treated with inhibitors, after which they are broken open by solubilisation of their membranes (cell lysis) and the soluble cell contents taken up into solution. Before compendium of the solution for levels of P, the total protein content of each lysate h as to be determined. One of the reagents in the buffer solution that can be used to solubilise the cell membranes is a detergent. Detergents can cause interference in a protein assay. In an investigation using the Bradford assay, two detergents at different concentrations were exposed to a set concentration of protein (0.5mg/ml). These are sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and Triton X. The absorbance values were converted into protein concentrations using the equation of the line of best fit from the calibration curve and the data subjected to statistical analysis (One Way ANOVA). Mean data are compared in Tables 2 and 3, and Figures 2 and 3.