Biography Of John Watson s Little Albert - 2065 Words

In the 1920s, American psychologist John Watson coined a novel movement of psychology known as behaviorism (Gluck, Mercado, Myers, 2011). â€Å"Inspired by the works of prominent psychologists Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike, behaviorism is a discipline of psychology that places its focus on observable behaviors rather than internal consciousness†. Stemming off Pavlov’s earlier research, Watson’s experiment â€Å"Little Albert† could be considered one of his greatest psychological advancements in behavioral psychology (Green, 2009). While his controversial experiments did result in moral tensions regarding his research methods, he is still celebrated as an accomplished researcher in the field of psychology (Digdon, Powell, Harris, 2014). Considered by many the founder of behaviorism, John Watson’s works led to further psychological discoveries allowing his legacy to live on today. In the year 1878, John Broadus Watson was born to Emma and Picke ns Watson in a small rural town near Greenville, South Carolina (Wozniak, 1997). Living in rural poverty contributed to a distressing adolescence. His mother, ardent in her faith, named Watson after a Baptist minister with the ambition that her son would one day aspire to pursue a ministerial vocation (â€Å"John Watson (1878-1958)†, 2013). His mother’s strict views on faith led her to openly reject controversial vices of free society, such as drinking or smoking. Unlike his mother who held strict religious beliefs, his father’sShow MoreRelatedFather Of Behaviorism : Broadus Watson935 Words   |  4 Pagesof Behaviorism: Broadus Watson During the late 19th century and early 20th century, psychology was defined as the study of the human mind had an emphasis on introspection (Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2015). After this period of time, psychologists began to criticize the validity of introspection as a method of study (McLeod, 2008). This doubt sparked new ideals and lead the field of psychology to be revolutionized. This new revolution was lead by John Broadus Watson, who is often thought ofRead MorePerspectives Paper1467 Words   |  6 PagesBehaviorists and cognitive psychologists have debated for many years. It is from these two schools of thought that dueling informational ideas have been born. Originally, behaviorism was the leading school of thought being led by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Later new ideas regarding the mind became more prominent. Edward C. Tolman was one of the more prominent figures of this field. Behaviorists looked for more evidence of behavior and rejected any ideas about the mind. An idea that was highlyRead MoreJohn B. Watson Behavioral Psychology Part 21415 Words   |  6 Pagesfocus of psychology was on the analysis of the conscious mind. During the late 1800’s, Sigmund Freud, a leader in psychology at the time, had proposed theories of psychology that focused on the conscious and unconscious mind. He explained behavior as a response to the desires of our unconscious and conscious minds, implying that individuals did not have much control over their behaviors or thoughts. In the early 1900’s, during Watson’s career, the country was recovering from the First World War. AmericanRead MoreThe Theory Of Animal Intelligence By Edward L. Thorndike s Impact1234 Words   |  5 Pagesbehavior will cease the behavior. This experiment would be taken one by B.F. Skinner discovering the theory of Operant conditioning and behaviorism.(Boundless 2016) Inspirations Edward was inspired by the thought process of Francis Bacon, John Locke, and John B. Watson through these men they helped lead Thorndike into discovering the certain process of mental conditioning through his Law of Effect that showed animals do not learn, but are conditioned to perform events that give them a reward in the endRead MoreJohn B. Watson s Theory Of Psychology1266 Words   |  6 PagesJohn B. Watson Psychologists have been focused on observing and understanding human behavior for centuries, dating back to the Greek philosophers when psychology and philosophy were considered one.Today, Psychology is the study of human behavior, beginning before birth and lasting until death. It is clear that the observance human behavior is a vast and profound source of data for psychologists. Early philosophers relied on methods of observation and logic. A physiologist named Wilhelm Wundt inRead MoreThe Contribution of Different Approaches to Psychology for the Development of Modern Psychology1147 Words   |  5 Pagesoperant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of behavior. John B. Watson is considered as the father of child psychology who contributed a lot towards the behavioral approach in psychology. Behaviorists like him suggest that everyone is born with a blank state of mind or â€Å"tabula rasa† where the environment shapes the individual and people has to lear n through experience and that nothing is innate. John B. Watson says ()Therefore, the personality of the person and the behavior is determinedRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesmanagement needs to be opened up, not closed down; it needs reconciliation among its many different tendencies, not the isolation of each. To enrich the experience of this safari, we hope to follow up with a Guidebook. We have also prepared an Instructor s Manual to facilitate the use of this rather unconventional book in the classroom. We owe many thank-yous. Bob Wallace of The Free Press must be especially singled out. In the musical chairs world of publishing these x EMBARKATION days, to beRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-23 6-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages................................................................................................... 229 Telling the Truth, While Still Misleading ....................................................................................... 235 Saying Little with Lots of Words ..................................................................................................... 235 ix Persuading Without Using Reasons ..............................................................................

Identifying The Causes Of Alzheimer Disease - 899 Words

Identifying the Causes of Alzheimer Disease Alzheimer Disease (AD) falls under the list of DSM yet the studies show such a common thread of the symptoms showing up in old age. Is it natural to become more forgetful and have less reasoning skills as you get past a certain age bracket or is AD a serious mental illness that we can prevent through intentional strategic changes in the lives of people? This fascinating study comparing African American people over the age of 65 both in the United States living in Indiana and people living in Ibadan, Nigeria shows some interesting observations. The thing that they were not able to compare realistically was the family hereditary factor but one of the astounding things was that those in Ibadan are much less likely to suffer from AD. The fact is that we truly do not know the cause of AD. There is a lot of speculation and studies being performed to find various different correlations but the facts are that we don’t have a solid identifiable cause. We are speculating as a culture that it is a combination of genetic, environmental, and ageing factors. â€Å"Alois Alzheimer observed that a general loss of memory, reasoning ability, and comprehension sometimes accompanies old age (Hergenhahn, 2014).† Dictionary.com defines Alzheimer Disease simply as â€Å"the most frequently seen cause of dementia in the elderly population (Dictionary.com, n.d.).† It is my thought that we are not really identifying the core common denominator. I believe that aShow MoreRelatedSymptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease715 Words   |  3 PagesAlzheimer’s disease has long been considered as a irremediable illness for old people. According to the data collected by Alzheimer s Association(2016), the overall 5.4 million American suffers from Alzheimer s disease, and this population is growing in a certain rate for majority of this population aged 65 and up. Identify possible Alzheimer’s symptom could be rather difficult because people are lack of the awareness of their implicit illness, which later contribute to the Alzheimer s disease. AlsoRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Brief History850 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer s Disease: A Brief History By Dana Griffen | Submitted On March 16, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Progressive mental deterioration due to aging has been recognized and documented throughoutRead MoreDementia And It s Types Essay1429 Words   |  6 Pagesby Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with lewy bodies, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia mainly affects older people. Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia. Prevalence 44.4 million people were diagnosed with dementia worldwide in 2013. It is forecasted that the number of people with dementia will increase to an estimated 75.6 million in 2030, and 135.5 million in 2050. Much of the increase will be in developing countries. Alzheimer s disease is largely diagnosedRead MoreEffects Of The Brain On Alzheimer s Disease1467 Words   |  6 PagesChanges in the brain may a play role in Alzheimer’s disease Introduction â€Å"Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks individuals with AD may start having symptoms their mid-60s† (nih.gov). AD is a multifactorial and progressive neurodegenerative disease. â€Å"Parts of AD, for example, increased oxidative state, amyloid plaque deposition, and neurofibrillary tangle of tauRead More Alzheimer’s Disease and the Symptoms Essay examples838 Words   |  4 Pages In 1906 Aloysius Alzheimer was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist who was credited for identifying the very first diagnosed case of â€Å"pre senile dementia† later to be known as Alzheimer’s disease. One hundred and seven years later we are still not completely sure of the causes of this disease and why only certain people get it. There are nearly eight million people in the world with Alzheimers disease and it’s an advancing and irreversible disease that destroys memory and otherRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease1642 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder when brain cells degenerate and die. Alzheimer’s dieses destroys the patient’s memory within time. The mental functions of the brain also get destroyed when a person gets Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s disease is most commonly seen when the patient is sixty to seventy years old. In this research paper the reader will learn about the signs and symptoms, causes, course of disease, outcome and secondary diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis and survivalRead MoreAlzheimers Disease - the Silent Killer1089 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s disease – The Silent Killer â€Å"Who are you?† â€Å"Do I know you?† Alzheimer’s disease is a very traumatic and disheartening disease that can affect loved ones in our families and relationships. I will be discussing the causes and prevention of this disease even though scientific facts and research are still being tested for validity. Alzheimer’s disease was first diagnosed to be a medical condition back in 1906 by Dr. Alois Alzheimer. Dr. Alzheimer identified this mental illnessRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1304 Words   |  6 Pagesperson knows well, or asking questions continuously can be signs of a more serious problem. It is a disease of the brain that started slowly and gets worse as the time progresses. Alzheimer’s is a progressive destroying of brain tissue that primarily strikes people over the age of 65. Brain functions such as memory, comprehension, and speech deteriorate. The term first introduced by Dr. Alois Alzheimers in 1906. Memory is lost first. As days passes, attention tends to distracted, simple calculationsRead MoreThe Loss Of Second Language1640 Words   |  7 Pages(adulthood). Mr. A who was born in Europe and his first language was Dutch migrated to America, studied, and worked as top level engineer used English as his second language for more than 50 years could not speak English when he turned 93 and his Alzheimer disease worsen. It was difficult for the caregivers to understand and help him with his needs. Though it seems like he could not realize that he lost his ability to speak English, he was seen being frustrated when caregivers misunderstood the need heRead MoreAlzheimers Disease, The Third Leading Cause of Death654 Words   |  3 PagesAlzheimer’s disease (AD) has been ranked the third leading cause of death after heart disease and cancer. New research suggests the ways of identifying the causes of death had previously underestimated the impact of AD, a disease that robs memory and physical abilities in seniors (3). The Alzheimer’s Association says the disease cost the US $203 billion in 2013, and by 2025, an estimated 7.1 million people will suffer from the disease (12). Recent decades have focused on ï ¬ nding genetic causes. But now

Catherine and Beatrice Essay Example For Students

Catherine and Beatrice Essay Examine the ideas of manliness, hostility and aggression in a view from the bridge how are these ideas connected? A view from the bridge was written by Arthur Miller and set in the 1950s in a slum area in Brooklyn. A view from the bridge is a tragedy, it has two themes these are justice and law, it also makes important social and political comments reflecting millers belief in communism. Eddie the main character has a very particular view of what it means to be a man these include protecting his family and being respected in society. When other characters do not conform to his ideas of manliness as in the case of Rodolpho it leads to conflict. Conflict also results when Marco (Rodolphos brother) does demonstrate conventionally masculine characteristics in such s way as to make Eddie feel threatened. Every Greek tragedy has a chorus and a tragic flaw. A Chorus is a group or a single person in this case it is a lawyer called Alfieri and a tragic flaw is something bad that is happening the tragic flaw in this case is Eddies love for Catherine. Eddie has very particular views about what it means to be a man. He believes that being a man means being strong and respected, looking after your family and bringing in food and money! There is an image of a triangle with Eddie at the top as the patriarchal and Catherine and Beatrice at the bottom as equal! This leads to a small scale of conflict with Catherine (Eddies niece). Catherines parents died so Eddie has been looking after her. Catherine has a lot of respect for Eddie and he likes this because it makes him feel manly he does not want her to grow up as he is afraid of losing her and her respect. In the play this leads to conflict as by the end of the play Catherine starts to have more respect for Rodolpho. Eddie says of Rodolpho the guy anit right, the guy is no good he is saying this because he is unsure of Rodolopho. When he first saw Rodolpho he saw his blond hair and this was not thought of as manly. Then Rodolpho starts to sing Paper doll this starts to tell us about Rodolphos life in Italy, its tough to love a doll thats not your own suggests that back there he might have been a bit of a ladies man. Another line of the song he trusts his wife this tells me that although Marco trusts his wife Rodolpho thinks that she will be unfaithful because she is across the world from him. Rodolpho is probably speaking from experience. The next line of paper doll, Im through with all of them, ill never fall again suggests that Rodolpho has turned over a new leaf and is ready to and wants to make a fresh start. So he is going to buy a paper doll that he can call his own he is of course referring to Catherine. It becomes most evident that Catherine and Rodolho like each other when Catherine offers him some sugar and he says sugar? Yes! I like sugar very much if you take this literally, Catherine is in fact offering Rodolpho sugar for his coffee, but colloquially giving someone sugar means giving someone some love. By this point Eddie does not like this. Rodolpho is singing about feminine men with there flirty flirty eyes he also tells them that he cook and also make dresses, Eddie now has more reasons to dislike Rodolpho. Eddie is totally against this because it goes against his society norms. .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 , .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .postImageUrl , .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 , .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4:hover , .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4:visited , .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4:active { border:0!important; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4:active , .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Medieval life EssayIn fact, he suspects Rodolpho himself is gay. On the other hand Marco, Rodophos brother does match up to Eddies idea of what it takes to be a man to the point where Eddie starts to fell threatened. Eddie is now not the only man in the house, as Marco has become more powerful. Being a man comes naturally to Marco. A part of the play to support this is when Eddie suggests going boxing. He chooses boxing is it is a very powerful sport and you have to be very strong and manly to play it. He tries to teach Rodopho and he is very good and then Eddie hits him. Eddie take son the role of being Rodolphos teacher he hits Rodolphos while he is teaching him boxing Marco takes this as a threat and has his suspicions about the punch Marco then stands up for his brother. He is teaching Eddie a lesson trying to make a statement that he is more of a man than him he asks Eddie to pick up a chair from the bottom, Eddie finds this hard and is quite embarressed by this as Marco can do this easily. He is now the dominate male he is the stronger one this may be seen as a physical threat this is where Eddie begins to lose his position and maybe challenge his manliness. Alfieri has a role as a character but also as a narrator commenting on the action and foretelling the final tragedy. Alfieri is thoughtful, well educated, and distanced man who seems to look for the best in everyone. His last speech at the end shows us that he has respect for Eddie. Although he knows that Eddie was wrong he feels that the loss of something true has died as Eddie lived for what he believed, he didnt settle for half he was his own person, pure and true in that he died for what he believed. He says something pure process me from his memory that Eddie was willing for people to know what he felt, he believed in his love Catherine he did not see this as wrong he saw it as pure love. Eddie is the tragic hero although we see it, as wrong he did what he thought was right. Alfieri says, I will love Eddie more than all my sensible clients he confesses that it is better to settle for half because what happened was wrong. This is where it links to law and justice because Morally Eddie was wrong but legally he was not I think that Alfieri felt he had a connection with Eddie as he knew the whole story. Near to the end of the play Catherine turns from the innocent child to the voice of society. This makes her more mature and adult like and she starts to speak the voice of society Catherine tells Beatrice to grow up. The triangle from the beginning changes and Catherine now rises to the top and Eddie goes down to the bottom where Catherine was. Catherine is now the matriarch Eddie does not like this as she has grown up, she has got her own mind and does not look up to him anymore! The play is very dramatic and has bits that surprise the audience; an example of this is where Eddie kisses Catherine and then Rodolpho. This is surprising as it is not expected, kissing Eddie is not very manly and Eddie has very strong beliefs of what it takes to be man the play is a tragedy. Miller was heavily influenced by this tradition of play writing from Greek tragedy to the Norwegian henrik Ibsen. The important social and political comments reflecting millers belief in communism. I think that Eddie. Marco and Rodolpho all have very many different qualities. Eddie caring in his own kind of way, likes to be in control and very protective. Marco strong and caring, very manly and also is protective and trustworthy. .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 , .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .postImageUrl , .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 , .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073:hover , .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073:visited , .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073:active { border:0!important; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073:active , .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Friday Kohl biography EssayRodolpho funny and entertaining perhaps a bit of a ladies man! The link between manliness, hostility and aggression are used in the play as Eddie uses aggression to show his manliness, as he is not very well educated and he finds it very difficult to share, understand or express his feelings. So he often responds to them with threatening situations with verbal or physical aggression. I think that miller has the same views as Eddie about masculinity and has put them into Eddie characters as a way of expressing his feelings. By the end of the play I did fell sorry for Eddie but also I respected him as he died for what he believed!

From Dirt to Duchess Essay Example For Students

From Dirt to Duchess Essay How could a lowly flower girl make such a drastic change into a refined lady? She could not have possibly pulled it off herself; she would need help. Thus is the case in the play Pygmalion, by G.B. Shaw. The poor flower girl, Eliza, is turned into a duchess, so to speak, by the other characters in the play. The characters responsible for the change in Eliza throughout the play were Henry Higgins, Mrs. Pierce, and Colonel Pickering, all of which had strong influences on her either mentally or physically. The obvious character who influenced transformations in Eliza would be Henry Higgins. He is the one who instituted the bet in which he boasted that he could turn her into a lady. He helped the transformation of Eliza into a lady by pushing her to the brink of exhaustion during her studies of the English Language. This made her stronger physically, but made her resent him. Also, his teachings helped shape her into that of a duchess. Another person responsible for the changes in Eliza was Mrs. Pierce. Her involvement was more with Elizas appearance, rather than her personality. It was Mrs. Pierce who bathed Eliza that first day and it was Mrs. Pierce who kept her appearance refined. She picked out the clothes and made sure she ate correctly. In some ways, Mrs. Pierce was like a mother taking care of a baby; Eliza was the baby because she is just learning how to be a lady. The final and most important character responsible for transformations in Eliza was none other than Colonel Pickering. He was responsible for buying all the beautiful clothes that Eliza wore. Not only did he make her look good, but he made her feel good about herself. He did this by always treating her like she was special, by always treating her like a lady. He always treated her with the respect she deserved. He built up her self-esteem , which pushed her over the hump and made her feel like a lady. All these characters, Higgins, Mrs. Pierce, and Pickering helped transform Eliza into the lady she had the potential to be. They didnt create something out of nothing; instead they unlocked the true nature of Eliza through different methods. Whether it be harsh teaching, good hygiene, or sheer kindness, all three did their part to transform Eliza into a lady.

Marketing management free essay sample

Chapter 1 Defining Marketing for the 21st Century Five basic markets their connecting flows Figure 1.1 Marketing Management An Asian  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, of Perspective Structure Leong Flows in a Modern Exchange Economy Tan 4th Edition International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.01 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 1.2 A Simple Marketing System  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 1.3 Holistic Marketing Dimensions  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.02 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Holistic Marketing In Your own words, define Holistic Marketing? Figure 1.4 The 4 P Components of the Marketing Mix  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.03 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Asian Figure 1.5 Marketing-Mix Strategy  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Perspective 4th Edition Figure 1.6 Factors Influencing Company Asian Marketing Management An Marketing Strategy  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Perspective 4th Edition Page I.04 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Skim a Vietnamese company that you believe has been adopting market-driven research strategy. Identify those strategies. Why do you consider this company to be successful? Chapter 2 Developing Marketing Strategies Plans  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.05 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.1 Two Views of the Value Delivery Process  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Figure 2.2 Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition The Generic Value Chain Marketing Management An Asian Perspective  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, each Study costs performance in Leong Tan activity improve it 4th Edition International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.06 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.3 A holistic marketing network  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 2.4 The Strategic Planning, Implementation Control Processes  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.07 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.5 The strategic planning gap  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 2.6 Three Intensive Growth Strategies: Ansoff’s Product-Market Expansion Grid  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.08 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.7 The Business Unit Strategic-Planning Process Asian  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Perspective 4th Edition Figure 2.8 Opportunity and Threat Matrices  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.09 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.8 Opportunity and Threat Matrices  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Chapter 3 GATHERING Information Scanning the Environment  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.10 MARKETING MANAGEMENT The Demographic Environment Population Age Mix †¢ Populations vary in age mix †¢ Global trend ïÆ'ËœAging population ïÆ'ËœFalling fertility rates †¢ Future Asian retiree: affluent, cosmopolitan †¢ Good market for travel, entertainment  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition The Demographic Environment Population Age Mix 6 Age Groups: 1. Preschool 2. School-age children 3. Teens 4. Young adults age 25 to 40 5. Adults age 40 to 65 6. Older adults age 65 up Most populous groups shape marketing environment  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.11 MARKETING MANAGEMENT The Demographic Environment Ethnic Other Markets †¢ Countries vary in ethnic racial makeup †¢ Ethnic groups specific wants buying habits †¢ Asia’s ethnic diversity: 20 major languages 12 major religions in 12 Asian countries  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition The Demographic Environment Educational Groups Asians desire for knowledge demand for †¢ Books, education †¢ Offshore campuses †¢ Joint degree programs †¢ Online courses  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.12 MARKETING MANAGEMENT The Demographic Environment Educational Groups 5 educational groups: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Illiterates High school dropouts High school degree holders College degree holders Professional degree holders  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition The Demographic Environment Household Patterns Traditional household †¢ Husband, wife children Non-traditional household ï‚ § Singles ï‚ § Single-parent families ï‚ § Divorcees Growing rapidly ï‚ § Distinct needs, buying habits – Eg smaller furniture, food sets ï‚ § Singles can spend Marketing Management An family  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Asian Perspective 4th Edition International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.13 MARKETING MANAGEMENT The Demographic Environment Geographical Shifts in Population †¢ Migration between/within countries – Eg 1997 Hong Kong reverted to China – Hong Kongers migrate to other countries increase demand for housing education †¢ Marketers target these new successful population members  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Social-Cultural Environment Other cultural characteristics: 1. High Persistence- Core Cultural Values ï‚ § ï‚ § Hold core beliefs values that persist Easier to change secondary than core 2. Existence of Subcultures- shared values 3. Shifts of Secondary Cultural Values Over Time ï‚ § Core values cultural swings do take place  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.14 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Natural Environment Marketers to take note of: 1. Shortages of raw materials 2. Increased costs of energy 3. Increased pollution levels 4. Changing role of governments protect environment  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Natural Environment †¢ Nature deteriorates global concern †¢ Air water pollution dangerous levels †¢ Companies practices, protect nature †¢ Green products protect environment †¢ Change consumer attitudes role to protect environment  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.15 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Technological Environment 1. Accelerating pace of change – Computers, internet reduce auto pollution 2. Unlimited opportunities for innovation – Virtual reality consumer reactions to products 3. Varying RD budgets – Content to copy products slight changes 4. Increased regulation- technological change – Public safety  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment Laws, government pressure groups influence limit firms individuals Marketers must work: 1. 2. 3. 4. Within laws business practices Engage special-interest groups Exploit opportunities market reform Deal with corruption  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.16 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment INCREASE IN BUSINESS LEGISLATION But marketers can get around regulations Eg: Dahongying – China bans Tobacco advertising – Yet, Dahongying sells cigarettes seen on TV, billboards in-store displays – Why? Dahongying has education business libraries with same name  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment INCREASE IN BUSINESS LEGISLATION To protect: 1. Companies unfair competition 2. Consumers unfair business practices 3. Society unbridled business behavior â€Å"At what point do costs of regulation exceed the benefits?  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.17 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment INCREASE IN BUSINESS LEGISLATION Protect home industries ï‚ § Eg KFC Bangalore closed overuse of MSG ï‚ § Rumors closed to protect local retailers Counter protectionistic policies, foreign firms new local brands – Eg â€Å"Made-in-Thailand† Heineken beer  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment GROWTH OF SPECIAL-INTEREST GROUPS Consumerist movement strengthen rights powers of buyers ï‚ § ï‚ § Eg: true interest cost of loan Basic ingredients in product Personal data customized products privacy issues public policy issue Consumer affairs policies consumer complaints  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.18 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment MARKET REFORM Consistency nation-building agenda Take time- less developed Asian countries – Vietnam’s doi moi, criticized as too slow, overregulated inefficient  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment CORRUPTION Corruption Asian officials- rife Bribes paid smallest of clearances Survey Chinese most willing pay bribes Asian governments to clean up long-term economic dividends  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.19 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Chapter 4 CONDUCTING Marketing Research and Forecasting Demand  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition †¢ Know the 4 WHs and H of your market? International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.20 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 4.1 The Marketing Research Process  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Marketing Research in Asia Marketing research in Asia challenging WHY? 1. Unreliable/no secondary data 2. Databases not comparable cross-nationally 3. Poor research infrastructure 4. Cultural differences in response 5. Variations in research capabilities 6. High rates of change in marketplace  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.21 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Marketing Research in Asia Solutions: 1. Sequence piloting, adapting rollout of surveys regionally 2. External validation of data sources 3. Use samples on future demographic profiles 4. Invest on research capabilities infrastructure  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 4.2 The Control-Chart Model  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.22 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 4.3 Financial Model of Return on Net Worth  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 4.4 Ninety Types of Demand Measurement (6 Ãâ€" 5 Ãâ€" 3)  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.23 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 4.5 Market Demand Functions  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 4.5 Market Demand Functions  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.24 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Chapter 5 CREATING Customer Value, Satisfaction Loyalty  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 5.1 Traditional Organization versus Modern Customer-Oriented Company Organization  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.25 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 5.2 Determinants Of CustomerDelivered Value  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 5.3 Customer-Product Profitability Analysis  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.26 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 5.4 The CustomerDevelopment Process Main steps in process to attract keep customers  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 5.5 Levels of Relationship Marketing Marketing Management Depends on number of customers profit margin An Asian Perspective  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan 4th Edition International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.27 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing Database marketing process to build, maintain use databases to contact, transact build customer relationships  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Figure 5.6 Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Increasing Customer Share of Requirements  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.28 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing Data Warehouses Datamining Data warehouse: Organized collected data Datamining: †¢ Extract information on individuals trends †¢ Statistical mathematical techniques – cluster analysis neural networking  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Customer Databases Database Marketing Data Warehouses Datamining USING THE DATABASE Database used in 5 ways: 1. Identify prospects 2. Decide customers to receive offer 3. Deepen customer loyalty 4. Reactivate customer purchases 5. Avoid serious customer mistakes  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.29 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing The Downside of Database Marketing CRM 4 problems in using CRM: FIRST PROBLEM: †¢ Build maintain database †¢ Large technology investment skilled staff †¢ Difficult to collect right data †¢ Problem worse in Asia – At least 4 major differences in nature of customer relationships compared to the West  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Customer Databases Database Marketing The Downside of Database Marketing CRM 4 differences in Asia compared to the West 1. Language preference- complex but important 2. Identify by name– challenge racially diverse 3. Some jurisdictions allow 1 marriage †¢ Wealthy males 1 address intricate arrangements 4. Bias against flaunting wealth †¢ Reluctance to declare to strangers, government  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.30 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing The Downside of Database Marketing CRM SECOND PROBLEM: †¢ Difficult to get all to be customer-oriented THIRD PROBLEM: †¢ Not all want relationship with company †¢ May resent company has personal information FOURTH PROBLEM: †¢ Assumptions behind CRM not always true  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Customer Databases Database Marketing The Downside of Database Marketing CRM 4 main perils of CRM: 1. Implement CRM before customer strategy 2. Roll out CRM before changing organization 3. Assume more CRM technology is better 4. Stalking, not wooing customers  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.31 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing NhÆ °Ã¡ » £c Ä‘iá »Æ'm cá » §a cÆ ¡ sá »Å¸ dá » ¯ liá »â€¡u CRM Each company needs to determine how much to invest in building and using database marketing to conduct its customer relationships  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition †¢ Look at your own business, do you believe that it promotes a CRM? †¢ The advantage and the disadvantage of your business CRM? †¢ Is the CRM relevant to governmental and non profit organization? Explain?

The Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan Initially announced in 1947, the Marshall Plan was a U.S.-sponsored economic-aid program to help Western European countries recover following World War II. Officially named the European Recovery Program (ERP), it soon became known as the Marshall Plan for its creator, Secretary of State George C. Marshall. The beginnings of the plan were announced on June 5, 1947, during a speech by Marshall at Harvard University, but it wasn’t until April 3, 1948, that it was signed into law.  The Marshall Plan provided an estimated $13 billion in aid to 17 countries over a four-year period. Ultimately, however, the Marshall Plan was replaced by the Mutual Security Plan at the end of 1951. Europe: Immediate Post-War Period The six years of World War II took a heavy toll on Europe, devastating both the landscape and the infrastructure.  Farms and towns were destroyed, industries bombed, and millions of civilians either killed or maimed.  The damage was severe and most countries didn’t have enough resources to help even their own people. The United States, on the other hand, was different.  Because of its location a continent away, the United States was the only country that did not suffer major devastation during the war and thus it was to the U.S. that Europe looked for help. From the end of the war in 1945 until the beginning of the Marshall Plan, the U.S. provided $14 million in loans. Then, when Britain announced that it could not continue to support the battle against communism in Greece and Turkey, the United States stepped in to provide military support to those two countries. This was one of the first actions of containment outlined in the Truman Doctrine. However, recovery in Europe was progressing much slower than initially expected by the world community.  European countries compose a significant segment of the world economy; therefore, it was feared that the slow recovery would have a ripple effect on the international community.   Additionally, U.S. President Harry Truman believed that the best way to contain the spread of communism and restore political stability within Europe was to first stabilize the economies of Western European countries who had not yet succumbed to communist takeover.   Truman tasked George Marshall with developing a plan to carry out this goal. Appointment of George Marshall Secretary of State George C. Marshall was appointed to office by President Truman in January 1947.  Prior to his appointment, Marshall had an illustrious career as the chief of staff of the United States Army during World War II. Because of his stellar reputation during the war, Marshall was viewed as a natural fit for the position of secretary of state during the challenging times that followed.   One of the first challenges Marshall faced in office was a series of discussions with the Soviet Union regarding the economic restoration of Germany.  Marshall could not reach a consensus with the Soviets regarding the best approach and negotiations stalled after six weeks.  As a result of these failed efforts, Marshall elected to proceed with a wider European reconstruction plan. The Creation of the Marshall Plan Marshall called upon two State Department officials, George Kennan and William Clayton, to assist with the construction of the plan.   Kennan was known for his idea of containment, a central component of the Truman Doctrine.  Clayton was a businessman and government official who focused on European economic issues; he helped lend specific economic insight into the plan’s development. The Marshall Plan was crafted to provide specific economic aid to European countries to revitalize their economies by focusing on the creation of modern post-war industries and the expansion of their international trade opportunities.   Additionally, countries used the funds to purchase manufacturing and revitalization supplies from American companies; therefore fueling the American post-war economy in the process.   The initial announcement of the Marshall Plan occurred on June 5, 1947, during a speech Marshall made at Harvard University; however, it did not become official until it was signed into law by Truman ten months later.   The legislation was titled the Economic Cooperation Act and the aid program was called the Economic Recovery Program. Participating Nations Although the Soviet Union was not excluded from participating in the Marshall Plan, the Soviets and their allies were unwilling to meet the terms established by the Plan.  Ultimately, 17 countries would benefit from the Marshall Plan.  They were: AustriaBelgiumDenmarkFranceGreeceIcelandIrelandItaly (including the Trieste region)Luxembourg (administered jointly with Belgium)NetherlandsNorwayPortugalSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited Kingdom It is estimated that over $13 billion dollars in aid was distributed under the Marshall Plan.  An exact figure is difficult to ascertain because there is some flexibility in what is defined as official aid administered under the plan.  (Some historians include the â€Å"unofficial† aid which began after Marshall’s initial announcement, while others only count aid administered after the legislation was signed in April 1948.) Legacy of the Marshall Plan By 1951, the world was changing. While the economies of Western European countries were becoming relatively stable, the Cold War was emerging as a new world problem. The rising issues related to the Cold War, particularly in the realm of Korea, led the U.S. to rethink the use of their funds.   At the end of 1951, the Marshall Plan was replaced by the Mutual Security Act.  This legislation created the short-lived Mutual Security Agency (MSA), which focused not only on economic recovery but also more concrete military support as well.  As military actions heated up in Asia, the State Department felt that this piece of legislation would better prepare the U.S. and its Allies for active engagement, despite the public mindset that Truman hoped to contain, not combat communism. Today, the Marshall Plan is widely viewed as a success.  The economy of Western Europe rebounded significantly during its administration, which also helped to foster economic stability within the United States. The Marshall Plan also helped the United States prevent the further spread of communism within Western Europe by restoring the economy in that area.   Concepts of the Marshall Plan also laid the foundation for future economic aid programs administered by the United States and some of the economic ideals that exist within the present European Union. George Marshall was awarded the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in creating the Marshall Plan.

Political Frame Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Frame Paper - Essay Example Rather than allowing the use of power to be destructive, the manager can learn to use power and politics as a skill to be developed within organizational arenas. The first assumption of the political frame perspective states that organizations are a compilation of competing interests and groups (coalitions) with conflict and tension inherent in conducting day-to-day business (Bolman & Deal, 2008). Because of limited resources it becomes necessary for the organizational members to vie for the rights to those resources. There is no escaping the politics of the organization environment. For example, if a Danish center director and a regional marketing director are negotiating with a corporate client that needs French and English training within a month for four executives who are travelling internationally, but a competing center in Italy with the same regional marketing manager also has a need for the same resources for a different client, how would the company make the decision as to which client gets the resources first? Who would take priority? If the regional director is Danish, would it be the Danish center director? From what can be found on the website, those decisions would follow the regional headquarters procedure, because the cultures found under that regional headquarters (in this case Denmark and Italy are both under Europe) are qualified to consider all interests equally (Berlitz, 2010) . Organizations form into coalitions that attempt to influence one another by pooling resources and power of the various members (Bolman & Deal, 2008; McShane & Von Glinow, 2005). The Berlitz Worldwide Regional Directors can use a variety of influence methods to get what they want from one another. Influence tactics include: deferring to authority; assertiveness; information control; coalition formation; upward appeal; ingratiation and impression management; persuasion; and exchange (McShane & Von Glinow, 2005). There are factors to consider when utilizing an influen ce tactic such as upward, downward, or lateral influence, the influencer’s power base, and personal and cultural values. These factors are the reasons why Berlitz is a particularly challenging organization to communicate within. There are a number of aspects to be considered that can be extremely diverse that can affect the power base, reactions, body language, response time, level of defensiveness to requests. Again, factoring all of these things takes time and in the fast-paced world we live in, the leader may not have the luxury of the time to work the issue as some might say and resort to â€Å"hard tactics† rather than â€Å"soft tactics† (p. 356). As a global organization each leader will have to consider the culture they are operating within and the culture of the coalition they are attempting to deal with or experience an exchange. The second assumption within the political frame perspective is that the coalition members cannot ever shake their differenc es. No matter how much training, coaching, and peace keeping skills a leader/manager/diplomat may receive, that coalition member will continue to have persistent differences in attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, feelings, and activities (McShane & Von Gl

The Comfort Women of Nanking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Comfort Women of Nanking - Essay Example There are many evidences found in the literature archives that showed women were in the brothels army camp but none of these directly link the responsibility to the Japanese government. There were also photos found showing former comfort women, now in their 80’s standing in protest rallies. On the other hand, there are hard evidences on the part of the Japanese government that sustains their position of denial. On the basis of evidences, study concludes that the Japanese government did not violate any international law on armed conflict as rape is one of the atrocities of war. A recommendation on further study of the law on armed conflict is suggested to avoid recurrence of the situation in the future. The case of comfort women, once kept in secret and not discussed openly, has become a source of uncomfortable diplomatic relations with its affected Asian neighbors. After nearly 60 years of keeping quiet, and with the support of international groups, these women break their silence to demand recognition and payment for their sufferings. These ex-comfort women who are now on their eighties still believe that they deserve to be paid because of the agony they had experienced. In reply, the Japanese Government maintains its position of denial of responsibilities and remains steadfast in its response that it has met all its WWII responsibilities set in WWII treaties. This paper aims to provide an assessment of strategies mounted by the Japanese Government to contradict the claims of the ex-comfort women. I focus on the experiences of the women, particularly on the harrowing nightmares of the sexual abuses to draw an insight on the events referred to.

Organizing BOS Tesla Motors 2011 events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizing BOS Tesla Motors 2011 events - Essay Example There will also be a dyno- test for Tesla Roadster and Tesla Roadster Sport to show how powerful Tesla’s engine compares to other competitors, such as: Porsche Boxter, BMW 5-series, Mercedes Benz E-class, and Lexus GS. For enlivening our events, here is the official list of raffle items for Tesla BOS 2011: (1) Electric Zero Emission Scooter developed by Tesla Motors. (1) Free set of RIMS for your Tesla by Sleek Motoring. (1) Free Photo shoot on your Tesla by Photoshootmycar.com. (3) Detailing products packages by Country Club Car Wash. (5) $50 Gift Certificates towards Labor by Tesla Mobile Service Team. (5) Tesla shirt (8) Tesla baseball cap (10) Tesla coffee mug Information about the events All of Tesla’s staff and guests who have interest on Tesla’s products are welcome to attend. Everybody is able to bring their families, friends, or coworkers to participate in this event. The only requirement for Tesla staff is that you have to sign up online in order to be admitted. Anyone who drives up to Tesla’s headquarters and is not on the registration list will have to park outside the Santana Row parking lot after caravanning from the headquarters. There will be adequate parking space for the staff members and guests. There is an option of cancelling or not showing up in this event, so if you might come to this event please sign up now. See you guys on BOS, Stay tuned for more information. Register here: http://teslamotors.com At the bottom is the invitation for the Beginning of Summer Tesla event. The invitation will be send through e-mail to every staff member of Tesla and it also will be posted in Tesla Motors Club forum and Tesla Facebook and Twitter

Uk Lifestyle Magazines And The Representation Of Masculinity Media Essay

Uk Lifestyle Magazines And The Representation Of Masculinity Media Essay This thesis seeks to investigate the understanding of masculinity as a construction of identity. This study explores developing identities, and how this may relate to wider constructions of masculinity in the media, with particular reference to lifestyle magazines aimed at men. Methodologies This Study focuses on For Him Magazine known now as FHM, one of the leading mens magazines that is published in 27 countries. The methodology that will be used to carry out this study will be a content analysis. Through a content analysis, 6 issues of FHM in from the years 2005 through to 2010 will be examined, in order to examine if there has been any shifts in the portrayal of men or what is meant by the term masculinity. Bibliography from year two Benwell Bethan, (2003) Masculinity and mens lifestyle magazines: chapter 6; Published by Wiley-Blackwell) Bignell, Jonathan (1997), Media Semiotics, an introduction. Manchester: Manchester University Press Edwards Tim, (2006) Cultures of Masculinity; men masculinity and feminism, chapter 1 (Routledge) Jackson Peter, Stevenson Nick, Brooks Kate (2001) making sense of mens magazines; chapter four (Wiley-Blackwell). Galician Mary-Lou, L. Merskin Debra (2007) Critical thinking about sex, love and romance in mass media: media; chapter three (Routledge) Gaunlett David, (2002) Media, gender, and identity: an introduction, Mens magazines and modern male identities; chapter eight (Routledge) Gunter Barrie (2002) Media sex: what are the issues? chapter 6 (Published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) Itzin Catherine, Newman Janet (1995) Gender, culture and organizational change: putting theory into practice chapter fourteen (Routledge) Litosseliti Lia, Sunderland Jane (2002) Gender, Identity and discourse analysis. (John Benjamins Publishing Company) The Construction of the Male Identity in the UK Mens Lifestyle Magazine FHM (DRAFT) INTRODUCTION: THESIS OUTLINE This thesis seeks to explore how masculinity is represented and constructed within the pages of FHM (UK) magazine of the modern male identity. Through a content analysis of the branding of masculinity in the UKs leading mans magazine, the study explores the trends and the portrayal of men but also the types of products advertised in mens magazines. It will examine the rationale of FHM in constructing the portrayals of men and masculinity and the role that FHM plays in shaping attitudes about masculinity. The central research question is: Exactly what ideas does FHM generate or convey about masculinity? More specifically, in the magazines construction of masculinity, what is emphasised and what is ignored? Considering gender and sexuality to explore and address the stereotypical representations and attitudes that are likely to be reinforced to its readers. The first chapter of this thesis demonstrates a detailed depiction of the UKs FHM position and role in the mens lifestyle magazine market, from its inception from For Him Magazine through its incredible development to its contemporary brand expansions. It also discusses FHMs influence on the mens magazine market as well as on broader industry concerns related to the young male market, particularly advertising. Essentially, this chapter offers a rationale for why FHM is an important site for investigation. Chapter 1 The mens magazine market is a moderately new phenomenon. Mens magazines today have become sites of significant inquiry that offer alternative views on the representation of the modern man. Men have purchased and read magazines in the past, though previously, the term mens magazine referred to publications structured around masculine themes to designed to interest men, such as cars, fishing, DIY and pornography. However, as sociologist Tim Edwards (1997) notes, It is, to put it simply, that they werent called mens magazines and this is what constitutes the key difference: the self-conscious targeting of men as consumers of magazines designed to interest men if not necessarily to be about men (p.72, emphasis in the original). Since contemporary mens magazines are embedded in the rise of a new lifestyle genre, they are considered mens lifestyle titles as opposed to simply mens interest magazines (Edwards, 2006).1 The growth of the mens magazine market in the UK, which saw an invasion of lifestyle titles in the 1980s, commencing with the launch of Arena in 1986. The Focus The aim of this study is to investigate and analyse the different representations of masculinity in the modern day 21st century. The endeavour of this is to answer the research question, which is; has the definition of masculinity and or the portrayal of men changed over time, in particular in print advertisements in mens lifestyle magazine FHM (For Him Magazine). Although this may sound like a popular research case study, very little academic research has been performed in the field of mens magazines and even less on the construction and representation of masculinity. This study therefore aims to firstly, classify the term masculinity, to conclude a definition, of what is means to be a men?, which is often used to ascribed to males in todays society. This study will also explore sex roles and common stereotypes that men are regularly being labelled with. This study will further examine if the characteristic that what once associated with traditional masculinity is dying out, or if t here is more than one masculine identity. Thirdly, this study will examine the presentation of male images and products in advertising exploring the emerging trends of mens images where the predominately female female-orientated markets of body enhancements, cosmetics, and personal grooming products are being aimed at male consumers. Through a context analysis, this study addresses male images in advertisements in For Him Magazine (FHM) from 2005 to 2010. Examining the changing trends in the portrayal of men and the types of products advertised in mens magazines. Furthermore, this study will argue, that masculinity makes more sense in relation to individual performances of identity than it does in terms of any measurement of gender or sexuality, a notion which is often disregarded in both popular and academic discourses about gender identity. Chapter 1: Introduction Over the last few decades the role of men in British society has changed considerably. Traditional notions of masculine images, such as males being the sole breadwinner or provider has come under attack, undermining traditional images of the masculine identity. Males have also faced a changing Image in advertising. Traditionally, females were the ones that have been associated with sex in advertising, but today males are also being used to connote or imply sexual situations in advertisements. Modern day advertisements feature provocative images of men and women in reveal outfits and postures selling a variety of products, most of which have no association with sex. There has too been an increase in product advertisements in mens magazine, most popular out of these is beauty and accessions. Suggesting that men today, have developed a conscious self-awareness of the way they look. Men in are taking great pride in their appearance, replacing beer or health supplements and abs tonners. M en now have a keen eye for fashion, and indulge in grooming/beauty products- this identity has today been coined as metrosexual. Adapting the characteristics of men, this new man has blurred the distinction of masculinity. Traditional masculinity referred to heterosexual men, interesting in extreme sports, cars and DIY. This request the question is the term masculinity (means to be macho) changing? Or is there more then one masculine identity? Metrosexuality was first developed by Mark Simpson in his book Male Impersonators. According to Simpson (2003), metrosexuality is a new, narcissistic, self-conscious kind of masculinity produced by film, advertising, and glossy magazines to replace traditional repressed, unmoisturised, unreflexive, unmediated masculinity.  [1]  However, this term has become widely used in the United States media and in the advertising industry in the late 1990s, referring to straight men who posses feminine traits and care about fashion, grooming, cleaning and using beauty products (Mereditch and Wells; 2003).  [2]  However, very little academic research exists on the meaning of metrosexuality for masculinity. This study examines modern masculinity and metrosexuality of men in the 21st century mens lifestyle magazines, within the UK, drawing particular attention FHM. However, there are limited studies on masculinity and mens images (Windholz, 1999/2000; gates 2001; Tincknell and Chambers, 2002)  [3]  . Although media across the globe are widely discussing the newly emerged phenomenon- metrosexuality- there is almost no academic research on this phenomenon. Since metrosexuality and masculinity are so closely related to each other, this study aims to explore both issues within mens lifestyle magazines. Chapter 2: Definitions of Masculinity Whilst, we have identified the main attributes that can be grouped under the term traditional masculinity, we still do not have an recognized definition of what masculinity itself might be. Craig contests that masculinity is what a culture expects of its men (1992:3). This description suggests that masculinity exists only in a cultural context, as something that stems from traditions, codes and in particular expectations commonly held by society. Similarly, Mosses definition of masculinity as the way men assert what they believe to be their manhood (1996:3)  [4]  insinuates that masculinity is widely understood as a way of behaving in accordance with ones sex-defined characteristics, either as a manifestation of ones sexual identity, or by the way of a responsibility towards the general order provided by understanding of gender. Gilmore (1990; 1)  [5]  defines manhood as the approved way of being an adult as the approved way of being an adult male in any given society. Within the cultures, where value is attracted to a notion of manhood, Gilmore further claims that there is three particular criterias that are repeatedly associated with the masculine role, firstly, to impregnate women and secondly, to protect dependents from danger (1990; 223). Berger, Wallis and Watson (1995) states that masculinity, the asymmetrical pendant to more critically investigated femininity, is a vexed term, variously inflected, multiply defined, not limited to straightforward descriptions of maleness.  [6]  Masculinity takes a variety of forms for men and it differs according to sexuality, race, class and age. It is noticed the society and media hold very distinct stereotypes towards different ethnic and race groups. For Caucasians, the most common dominate ideology of masculinity represents ideals of strength, toughness, coolness, attractiveness, heterosexuality and whiteness (OShaughnessy 2003).  [7]  However, these ideals are very difficult for men to attain in reality. With the increased attention given to mens bodies and the resurgence of their imagery with the media, men nowadays pay more attention to the media and work to improve their physical appearance (Wienke, 1998; Shilling, 1993).  [8]  These effects are further pushed f orward with the new ideal metrosexual, which simply suggests that men who possess feminine traits are ideal. As men are now facing so many identities, so what makes a man? A closer investigation is presented next. Chapter 3: Gender and Masculinity In general, the characteristics associated with men are grouped under the term traditional masculinity by many writers.  [9]  Three of its main character traits are strength, command and ambition- all useful in getting ahead, and more often than not viewed in a positive light. Even the less positive attributes associated with traditional masculinity such as competitiveness, aggression and stubbornness maintain an air of respectability in that they remain symptomatic of power and control rather than weakness. Theorists in the field of gender studies have sought to understand how these masculine traits came to be associated with the male role first and foremost, and why they continue to permeate society and popular discourse as common sense notions of gender roles. Consequently, gender as a concept is open to much greater debate than sex, and it is clear that masculinity, as one aspect of gender identity, can take on an entire range of potential meanings. Mort observes that we are not dealing with masculinity, but with a series of masculinities (1988; 195; his emphasis).  [10]  As well as recognizing that class, race and sexual orientation, and several other factors all enter the equation at the level of identity, the term masculinities refers to the fact that no two peoples performance of so-called masculine characteristics will ever be exactly the same. As Horrocks states, there is clearly not a homogenous monolithic identity possessed by all men in all contexts (1994:3).  [11]   Byne suggests that, as human beings, we are motivated to create an identity for ourselves that allows us to make sense of our position in the apparent world. In order to be understandable, this must accord with the already existing conventions, as we perceive them; no matter how we seek to position ourselves in relation to these, we still accept that they exist. Conversely, men must strive to meet an extremely demanding stereotype of the male role as provider, achiever and conqueror- a task that is, in its self unattainable, and which causes men much self-doubt and anguish. This, Kaufman conclude, also inspires fear for it means not being a man, which means, in a society confusing gender and sex, not being a maleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦losing power and ungluing basic building blocks of our personalities (p.149)  [12]  Together, these two behaviours are more destructive than either on its own, combining to both cause the problem and make it impossible to escape from. Chapter 4: Masculinity in the United Kingdom British Men According to Benynon (2002), there are three ideal versions of contemporary masculinities in the United Kingdom. The old man is relatively uninterested in fashion, is married and holding down a regular job, and remains somewhat sexist and homophobic in outlook. The new man is narcissistic, progressive and ambivalent in his sexuality, yuppie- influenced and generally anti-sexist. When he first emerged he was viewed variously as the same as the same old wolf, but in designer clothing, a revolutionary in his relations with women and his willingness to display the emotional side of his nature, and a marketing opportunity, for new visual codes. The new lad is defensive about fashion, ambivalent in his attitude towards women (he has pornographic notions of them rather than relationship with them) and he believes life should be one huge alcoholic and drug induced festival. (Beynon, 2002, p.118)  [13]   Among the above three ideals, the new man seems to be the most popular ideal in the United Kingdom. These ideals can be illustrated by the most influential British celebrity football player, David Beckham. David Beckham defines a new trend of men in the United Kingdom. In a recent study reported in The Observer (Campbell 2003), One David Beckham: Celebrity, and the Soccerati, co-authored by Andrew Parker of Warwick University and Ellis Cashmore of Staffordshire University, highlights how Beckham successfully combines a mixture of traditional and modern values to create an inspirational healthy role model. The study praises Beckhams different public personae including the national ambassador, aggressive competitor, loving husband, doting father, fashion model and gay icon. This study further concludes that Beckhams massive popularity could influence young males, encourage greater tolerance and acceptance of a new concept of masculinity. As suggested by the author of the study, Beckham has helped create a complex new concept of masculinity by defying expectations in areas such as what clothes men should wear or how men should style their hair. Indeed, Beckham fits all of the contemporary masculinity ideals he is a combination of new man (nurturer and compassionate partner), new lad (football legend, fashionable father, conspicuous consumer) and old man'(loyal dedicated, bread- winning) (Cambell, 2003).  [14]   Chapter 5: Gender Representation in Advertising Research has revealed that advertising does not exist in a vacuum but instead is very much interrelated with the existing social relationships within society (Duffy, 1994).  [15]   Goldman (1992)  [16]  suggested that we tend to take for granted the deep social assumptions embedded within advertisements as we are so used to the quantity of advertisements around us and the routine ways in which we read them. More importantly, we do not see or recognise advertising as a sphere of ideology. In a consumer society, advertising acts as a magnet, luring individuals into embracing a consumption culture that is part of an economic and social institution that helps to perpetuate what Goldman called the supremacy of commodity relations. Interactions between individuals are now greatly being defined by the material possession of commodities. The consumer society is primarily about contentment and pleasure, but there are broad complications beyond the realm of Contentment and pleasure. One of the most important implications is the area of gender identity. Sex-role stereotype, like any other stereotype, allows us to make sense of the world that we live in. Gender, of course, is one of the most important forms of systematised behaviour in all societies, and every culture has accepted routine forms for communicating gender identity (Leiss, Kline Jhally, 1990, p. 215)  [17]  . Our everyday environment is articulated mostly by what we see in the media and the task of advertising is crucial. The target audiences self-identification with the gender images is a basic requirement for an advertisements effectiveness, and the meanings encoded in the images are persuasive cultural symbols for societal behaviour. The earliest research into the portrayal of men in sex roles in advertisements was carried out in the 1970s by many re searchers and drew many conclusions: men were portrayed as more self-governing than women. They were portrayed in different occupations in comparison to women who were usually shown as housewives, cleaning, cooking and caring for children. Specific products such as Alcohol and cigarettes were most frequently portrayed by men, while women were mostly depicted in advertisements for household products (Dominick Rauch, 1972; Schneider Schneider, 1979; McArthur Resko, 1975; Courtney Whipple, 1974). According to Fejes (1992), the results from these researchers carried out in the early 1970s, did not fluctuate much from those conducted in the late 70s and early 80s.  [18]   In the last few decades, the role of men in the UK has changed considerably there has been an increasing visibility of the male body in the media and popular culture. Men are getting increased exposure not just of their bodies, but of their lifestyles, consumption preferences and emotional needs. Men are gradually gaining on women in the display of their bodies on billboards, fashion photography and magazines. Moreover, it is not just the number of images of men that has increased; it is the emergence of a new representation in popular culture where male bodies are depicted in an idealized and erotized manner (Moore 1988; Simpson, 1994).  [19]  Furthermore, in the consumer markets around the world-the predominantly female-oriented market like cosmetics, personal grooming and even body enhancements are attracting seeing more male consumers. Through a content analysis of advertisements over six years in a magazine for men, this paper studies the trends in the representation of imag es, products and sexual portrayal of men. Chapter 6: Men in Advertising Fejes (1992) noted that Skelly Lundstrom (1981)  [20]  conducted a study on print advertisements analysing a total of 660 magazine ads from 1959, 1969 and 1979 to establish whether there was any change in the portrayal of men in print advertisements over the two decades. They found that there was a small and gradual movement towards more non-sexist portrayal of men. Fejes (1992) also noted that Lysonskis study (1985)  [21]  showed similar results. Kervin (1990) too carried out a research study on the ads, focussing particularly on Esquire magazine. He examined whether the representation of men and the definition of masculinity had changed or remained over time. The study closely examined at ads from Esquire magazine for 50 years from the 1930s to the 1980s, and discovered that specific stereotypical representations of masculinity still remained after 50 years. What is fascinating, though, is her suggestion that these stereotypes exist because they complete certain needs and concerns of the men in society relating to their sense of powerlessness as individuals. She suggested that these stereotypes may be there to offer some form of compensation, in the form of admiration from others and possession of products for the men to define themselves adequately in society. She also discovered other new constructions of masculinity emerging over the years. The form of the male body is beginning to be portrayed as an erotic spectacle, suggesting that advertisers are adjusting to the changing attitude of consumers and exploiting it. Marian Salzman, Director of Strategic Content, JWT Worldwide, in her new book, The Future of Men (2003), interestingly, notices an important gap of the young male demographic that marketers and advertisers often fail to notice. Salzman, who conversed about the rise of the metrosexuals in 2003, deems the days of the metrosexual are numbered as men want their manliness back, and they are tired of taking their behavioural and fashion cues from their female companions and from mens magazines.  [22]  But this may not be true, as Kelton Research discovered in his research which was performed on 600 men, found that men can now be classified into men who value their personal style and appearance without sacrificing their masculinity, and ubersexual men who care about their appearance from head to toe. Moreover, men may try to act laid-back when it comes to personal maintenance, but the reality is, nearly two out of three surveyed not only own a variety of grooming products, but use them again and again. More importantly, about 98% of these products- men have no qualms about strolling into a store to buy a grooming related product (Wellikoff, 2006)  [23]  . Chapter 7: The Macho The Metrosexual Lee (2003) noted that men of all sexualities are taking a wider interest in their appearance. Hairdresser is where they go for a haircut instead of the barber shop and they are turning to other form of cleanser as soap is too harsh on their skin. More men are going to the gym instead of engaging in outdoor activities such as sports and some of them are even indecisive when it comes to choosing something to wear. These men are called the metrosexual and David Beckham who has been credited as the man who is changing male behaviour is classified as the ultimate metrosexual. A few years ago, concern over weight and diet regimes was strictly womens issue and having a pot belly was accepted for a man. But now, it is completely acceptable for men to watch their weight too and follow diet plans. This new breed of man blurs gender lines. In the Future Man'(Salzman, 2003) concludes that British men are becoming metrosexuals who have embraced customs and attitudes once deemed by women. Salzman further connotes that men today are confident in their masculinity and in their sense of self. In addition, they look and feel good and are knowledgeable about fashion and accessories regardless of what people might consider these things unmanly.  [24]  This new breed of man does oppose the traditional male role. ABC news reported that Leo Burnett, a Chicago advertising firm, conducted a global study of masculinity in 2005 and half of the men in their sample say that their role in society is unclear than in previous decades. More than seventy percent of them said that advertising is out of touch with mens reality.  [25]  Reports seem to indicate there is a new form of manliness emerging that is both macho and sexual at the same time. Stephen Perrine, editor in chief of Best Life magazine in the United States, mentioned on ABC news, The new manliness is about being competent and of value. Its less of men looking into their own navels. He also listed actors like Huge Jackman and Brad Pitt as the role models for this new manliness (ABC news, 2006).  [26]   Research Questions Advertising is an incorporated part of any economy in the world. And where there is rapid growth and changes in the economic profile of a society, there is a parallel increase in consumption patterns. This study aims to examine the portrayal of men in advertising as the emerging trends indicate that the predominantly female-oriented markets like cosmetics, body enhancements and personal grooming, are being directed at more male consumers. By studying the changes taking place in the portrayal of gender roles in advertising, it would allow us to get an insight into the changes that are taking place in society at given times and trends over periods of time. RQ1: What are the changes in the images (as per the categories) of men in FHM Magazine from 1998 to 2005? RQ2: What is the classified level of dressing (as per the categories) of the male models in FHM magazines used for the various categories of pictures? RQ3: What are the differences in the race of male models in FHM magazines in the categories of photographs/illustrations? RQ4: What are the differences in the types of products advertised in FHM magazines from 2000 to 2010? RQ5: What is the classified level of dressing (as per the categories) of the male models for the various categories of products? RQ6: Has the portrayal of men in Print advertisements changed in any way over the last six years? Methodology For the purpose of this study a content analysis was chosen and deemed appropriate as it will provide an overview on the coverage and frequency of use of male models in the advertisements selected. This quantitative research method is also useful for evaluating empirically the changing trends in society, while allowing us to summarize results and report findings in accurate, quantitative manner. The unit of analysis enables replication of the study over periods of time, thus providing an opportunity for comparison and review. Sampling Selection and Sample Size Six years (72 issues) of FHM magazine, from the United Kingdom were selected for this study. These magazines were published over a six year period from 2005 through to 2010. Through a systematic random sampling method of these 72 issues, one was selected from each year making it a total of 6 issues in the sample size. The unit of analysis is all full and half page advertisements or posters that have male or female models. Those advertisements without any models were excluded from the categorization. Categorization System The advertisements and posters from each year were systematically coded by placing them in pre-defined categories. Category of dressing Description Demure dress Everyday, casual clothing, including walking shorts and sports outfits. Suggestive dress Excluding evening gowns, which expose cleavage. Mini skirts, short shorts, muscle shirts, hiked skirts that expose thighs Partially clad Models in bathing suits, wearing undergarments and three-quarter length or shorter lingerie. close- up shots of models bare shoulders. Models in nothing except a towel. Nudity Unclothed Models, including; translucent lingerie/ undergarments and silhouettes. Extent of Contact Description No contact Positioned side by side. Not touching. Tame contact

Hamlets Madness Essay -- essays papers

Hamlet's Madness Many critics frequently dispute the madness of Hamlet. It is very difficult to label Hamlet as either sane or insane because of his statement to Horatio stating that he will act mad. Even though he tell Horatio that he is acting mad, there are many reasons that can lead him to mentally breakdown. "Hamlet was a prince, by birth a prince; and he wished to reign only that good men might be good without obstruction (Wolfgang 22)." The crown was not hereditary, but if his father had stayed longer, it would have secured Hamlets hopes of succession. The death of his father was a major blow to his nobility because hi mother can remarry and that person would become King. The thought of loosing the crown can make many people commit villainous act's, like in the story of Macbeth, but it can also lead a person to breakdown mentally. "He hoped, in the company of his surviving noble-minded parent, to reverence the heroic form of the departed, but his mother too he loses, and it is something worse than death that robs him of her (Wolfgang 23)." A short time after ...

Cultural Imperialism in Ake Essay

In the advancement of European empires, the widespread approach to colonizing foreign lands was through violence. The Europeans would arrive in new territories with their sophisticated weapons and ideals, and would forcibly subjugate the indigenous people. However, in the instance of the English colonization of Nigeria’s town Ake, the English colonists implemented colonization through cultural imperialism. The English began implementing their process of cultural imperialism through converting the people of Ake into their religion, Christianity. The English, like most colonizing countries, understood that influencing the Nigerian people would come much easier once they were under religious control. The English utilized the brilliant ploy of employing Nigerians to spread Christianity to their own people. The Nigerians who compromised and promoted English concepts were rewarded for their deeds. For example Wole Soyinka’s family was rewarded by being given the security of a parsonage. However, this was actually given as a result of Essay’s contribution to the spread of English education, through his position as headmaster of the school. Education, therefore, became another aspect of English culture used to promote cultural imperialism in Ake. The Nigerians were made to assimilate many English ideals through the education process, which commenced at a young age. The English also required the Nigerians to study their language. By teaching the people of Ake English, the English colonists were able to engrave their ideals into them. The education system furthermore was able to be used to keep a watchful eye on the students, and to control the mindsets of the best and brightest of them. This use of cultural imperialism helped prevent Nigerian intellectuals from becoming political opponents. The English accomplished this by having a government school for advanced students. Although the English didn’t openly colonize the Nigerians through violence, there was a subtle form of violence often used to inscribe English beliefs through education and religion. For example Wole Soyinka had Christian beliefs beat into him by the frequent use of â€Å"the rod† at home, and English manners impressed upon him by principal Daodu’s use of â€Å"the rod† at school. Additionally, the English colonists imparted the technological cultural luxuries of electricity and the radio on Wole’s family. This made them even more dependent on English ways. The installation of the radio into the Soyinka household played an important role of cultural imperialism by introducing the English culture directly into their home. The media can have an incredible influence on a society. As mentioned in the The Years of Childhood, Essay and his friends became obsessed with listening to the news on the radio. Thus the English were now capable of distorting daily events by controlling the news. An important incentive for Europeans to colonize in Africa was taxation, so it too was used to implement cultural imperialism. The wealth accumulated through taxation was a main factor in the economic success of European nations. Taxation was particularly harsh on Ake’s women. This was so much so that the Nigerians started an uprising to abolish taxes on women. As the English knew, to keep the men of a country under control, they first had to satisfy the country’s women and ultimately agreed to abolish the taxation on women.

To Arms or Not to Arms Against Corcyra essays

To Arms or Not to Arms Against Corcyra essays Attention! Attention! Is it time for taking up arms or not? The Corcyraeans and Corinthians are debating here in Athens to persuade us on our participation in the upcoming war. Do we join Corcyra; the city that started the colony of Epidamnus, or do we join the original colonizing city of Corinth? To fully understand the potential of war, Athens must understand both sides and therefore we, Athens, will be able to decide on the stance we must take. Do we go to war with the Corcyraeans (those that have remained neutral in the past) or do we remain neutral as asked by the Corinthians (those that have served with us in the past)? Should Athens help defend the Corcyraeans even when they admit that they have failed to be part of any alliances in the past? As a colony that has been set apart by their own actions comes running when they cant even work out their own problems wants, nay, needs Athens help. The Corcyraeans stated to the Athenian assembly that they themselves chose not to have alliances by stating when a people that have not rendered any important service or support to their neighbors in times past (1.32.1). These representatives from Corcyra believe that their past isolation has helped their growth. Now once their growth has expanded beyond their ability to be able to control the interests of the government they come crying to us to help with the situation. These representatives even state that they can not fix the problem by stating: seeing our utter inability to cope wit them without foreign aid, and the magnitude of the danger which subjection to them implies, find it necessary to ask h elp from you and from every other power (1.32.5). Because of Corycras isolation from past political alliances, they have been put into a situation where they can not defend themselves and they must come crawling to Athens for assistance; and quite possibly survival from Corinth. Th...

Love song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay Example

Love song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay Example Love song of J. Alfred Prufrock Paper Love song of J. Alfred Prufrock Paper Essay Topic: The Love Song Of J alfred Prufrock The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock explores the emotional and conflicting thoughts of a middle-aged man who is indecisive of attending a party to meet a woman. His indecisiveness is caused by his hypocrisy towards the higher classes of society along with his self-consciousness and concern for superficial matters. He concludes that he has achieved nothing and that his life is futile. One of the poems main issues is the effect of industrialisation on society. Eliot uses personification of a cat in the extended metaphor, The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window panes, The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window panes Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening, Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains, to convey the sordidness of pollution caused by industrialisation. His use of personifying the cat illustrates the insidious pervading movement of the smog and implies that the city is a grotesque place to live. A major theme in Prufrock is fictitious human relationships. The quote, In the room the women come and go Talking of Michelangelo, the repetition of the refrain and its mocking tone reveals the artificiality of conversation in the room and highlights that the women are misleadingly portraying an impression of sophistication and class. The suggestion that one meets on an emotional level merely a superficial one is addressed in the phrase, to prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet. The word face is used as a metaphor for the fai ade that people create for themselves in society. The persona of the poem appears to be a middle-aged man who represents the modern man. He epitomizes disillusioned dreams and captures the sense of the unheroic nature of the twentieth century. The intertextual allusion to Hamlet, No! I am not Prince Hamlet, nor was meant to be, equates both characters who are questioning their existence. Prufrock describes himself as unimportant and isolated. The superficiality of the persona is continually revealed throughout the poem through the asides, which focus on superficial matters and Prufrocks references to his bald spot. His insecure nature is reveal through the persona constantly questioning himself, Do I dare? and how should I presume? I should have been a pair of ragged claws scuttling across the floors of silent seas, suggests that Prufrock lacks mindless craving that could have placed him on terms with the reality and permitted him to survive in the depths where he exists unnaturally. Poem Two: Portrait of a Lady Portrait of a Lady is a dramatic duologue between a young man and an older woman centering on their relationship. The poem describes three meetings between them each occurring in a different season. The poem raises a variety of issues relating to love and a need to be socially accepted. A main issue in Portrait of a Lady is the desire to conform and be accepted into society. The lines, Admire the monuments, Discuss the late events, Correct our watches by the public clocks, are images of conformity and reflect the personas and the womans need to be accepted in society. The line also reveals the lack of depth in their relationship and the facade they create for themselves. The Lady in particular craves for social acceptance this shown in the rhyming couplet, Now that the lilacs are in bloom she has a bowl of lilacs in her room. The man also is not as sophisticated as thought. In the quote, Reading the comics and the sporting page. Particularly I remark An English countess goes up on stage. A Greek was murdered at a Polish dance, Another bank defaulter has confessed. reiterates the personas need to be accepted and to say the right thing to appear cosmopolitan. A major theme in Portrait of a Lady is love. In the beginning of the poem, the lady is establishing a romantic atmosphere between her and the man, which is evident through the setting of the room and the candles. The romantic atmosphere is shattered when the woman is talking and the persona states, Inside my brain a dull tom-tom begins Absurdly hammering a prelude of its own. The line implies his feelings of tedium and frustration towards her. The ladys love is unrequited by the man. This is evident through Eliot use of comparing the personas feelings towards her by using auditory images. He appears to be bored and is disinterested in conversing with her and resorts to a means of escape, Let us take the air, in a tobacco trance. Another issue in the poem is the personas feelings towards the Lady. In the beginning of the poem, he appears to not reciprocate her love. When the persona visits to tell her about him going abroad, he starts to doubt whether leaving her is right. The line Not knowing what to feel or if I understand states his uncertainty about his feelings towards her. He realises that he has the advantage now in their relationship but wonders if it was just a hollow victory.