Biography Of John Watson s Little Albert - 2065 Words

In the 1920s, American psychologist John Watson coined a novel movement of psychology known as behaviorism (Gluck, Mercado, Myers, 2011). â€Å"Inspired by the works of prominent psychologists Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike, behaviorism is a discipline of psychology that places its focus on observable behaviors rather than internal consciousness†. Stemming off Pavlov’s earlier research, Watson’s experiment â€Å"Little Albert† could be considered one of his greatest psychological advancements in behavioral psychology (Green, 2009). While his controversial experiments did result in moral tensions regarding his research methods, he is still celebrated as an accomplished researcher in the field of psychology (Digdon, Powell, Harris, 2014). Considered by many the founder of behaviorism, John Watson’s works led to further psychological discoveries allowing his legacy to live on today. In the year 1878, John Broadus Watson was born to Emma and Picke ns Watson in a small rural town near Greenville, South Carolina (Wozniak, 1997). Living in rural poverty contributed to a distressing adolescence. His mother, ardent in her faith, named Watson after a Baptist minister with the ambition that her son would one day aspire to pursue a ministerial vocation (â€Å"John Watson (1878-1958)†, 2013). His mother’s strict views on faith led her to openly reject controversial vices of free society, such as drinking or smoking. Unlike his mother who held strict religious beliefs, his father’sShow MoreRelatedFather Of Behaviorism : Broadus Watson935 Words   |  4 Pagesof Behaviorism: Broadus Watson During the late 19th century and early 20th century, psychology was defined as the study of the human mind had an emphasis on introspection (Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2015). After this period of time, psychologists began to criticize the validity of introspection as a method of study (McLeod, 2008). This doubt sparked new ideals and lead the field of psychology to be revolutionized. This new revolution was lead by John Broadus Watson, who is often thought ofRead MorePerspectives Paper1467 Words   |  6 PagesBehaviorists and cognitive psychologists have debated for many years. It is from these two schools of thought that dueling informational ideas have been born. Originally, behaviorism was the leading school of thought being led by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Later new ideas regarding the mind became more prominent. Edward C. Tolman was one of the more prominent figures of this field. Behaviorists looked for more evidence of behavior and rejected any ideas about the mind. An idea that was highlyRead MoreJohn B. Watson Behavioral Psychology Part 21415 Words   |  6 Pagesfocus of psychology was on the analysis of the conscious mind. During the late 1800’s, Sigmund Freud, a leader in psychology at the time, had proposed theories of psychology that focused on the conscious and unconscious mind. He explained behavior as a response to the desires of our unconscious and conscious minds, implying that individuals did not have much control over their behaviors or thoughts. In the early 1900’s, during Watson’s career, the country was recovering from the First World War. AmericanRead MoreThe Theory Of Animal Intelligence By Edward L. Thorndike s Impact1234 Words   |  5 Pagesbehavior will cease the behavior. This experiment would be taken one by B.F. Skinner discovering the theory of Operant conditioning and behaviorism.(Boundless 2016) Inspirations Edward was inspired by the thought process of Francis Bacon, John Locke, and John B. Watson through these men they helped lead Thorndike into discovering the certain process of mental conditioning through his Law of Effect that showed animals do not learn, but are conditioned to perform events that give them a reward in the endRead MoreJohn B. Watson s Theory Of Psychology1266 Words   |  6 PagesJohn B. Watson Psychologists have been focused on observing and understanding human behavior for centuries, dating back to the Greek philosophers when psychology and philosophy were considered one.Today, Psychology is the study of human behavior, beginning before birth and lasting until death. It is clear that the observance human behavior is a vast and profound source of data for psychologists. Early philosophers relied on methods of observation and logic. A physiologist named Wilhelm Wundt inRead MoreThe Contribution of Different Approaches to Psychology for the Development of Modern Psychology1147 Words   |  5 Pagesoperant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of behavior. John B. Watson is considered as the father of child psychology who contributed a lot towards the behavioral approach in psychology. Behaviorists like him suggest that everyone is born with a blank state of mind or â€Å"tabula rasa† where the environment shapes the individual and people has to lear n through experience and that nothing is innate. John B. Watson says ()Therefore, the personality of the person and the behavior is determinedRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesmanagement needs to be opened up, not closed down; it needs reconciliation among its many different tendencies, not the isolation of each. To enrich the experience of this safari, we hope to follow up with a Guidebook. We have also prepared an Instructor s Manual to facilitate the use of this rather unconventional book in the classroom. We owe many thank-yous. Bob Wallace of The Free Press must be especially singled out. In the musical chairs world of publishing these x EMBARKATION days, to beRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-23 6-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages................................................................................................... 229 Telling the Truth, While Still Misleading ....................................................................................... 235 Saying Little with Lots of Words ..................................................................................................... 235 ix Persuading Without Using Reasons ..............................................................................

Identifying The Causes Of Alzheimer Disease - 899 Words

Identifying the Causes of Alzheimer Disease Alzheimer Disease (AD) falls under the list of DSM yet the studies show such a common thread of the symptoms showing up in old age. Is it natural to become more forgetful and have less reasoning skills as you get past a certain age bracket or is AD a serious mental illness that we can prevent through intentional strategic changes in the lives of people? This fascinating study comparing African American people over the age of 65 both in the United States living in Indiana and people living in Ibadan, Nigeria shows some interesting observations. The thing that they were not able to compare realistically was the family hereditary factor but one of the astounding things was that those in Ibadan are much less likely to suffer from AD. The fact is that we truly do not know the cause of AD. There is a lot of speculation and studies being performed to find various different correlations but the facts are that we don’t have a solid identifiable cause. We are speculating as a culture that it is a combination of genetic, environmental, and ageing factors. â€Å"Alois Alzheimer observed that a general loss of memory, reasoning ability, and comprehension sometimes accompanies old age (Hergenhahn, 2014).† Dictionary.com defines Alzheimer Disease simply as â€Å"the most frequently seen cause of dementia in the elderly population (Dictionary.com, n.d.).† It is my thought that we are not really identifying the core common denominator. I believe that aShow MoreRelatedSymptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease715 Words   |  3 PagesAlzheimer’s disease has long been considered as a irremediable illness for old people. According to the data collected by Alzheimer s Association(2016), the overall 5.4 million American suffers from Alzheimer s disease, and this population is growing in a certain rate for majority of this population aged 65 and up. Identify possible Alzheimer’s symptom could be rather difficult because people are lack of the awareness of their implicit illness, which later contribute to the Alzheimer s disease. AlsoRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Brief History850 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer s Disease: A Brief History By Dana Griffen | Submitted On March 16, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Progressive mental deterioration due to aging has been recognized and documented throughoutRead MoreDementia And It s Types Essay1429 Words   |  6 Pagesby Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with lewy bodies, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia mainly affects older people. Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia. Prevalence 44.4 million people were diagnosed with dementia worldwide in 2013. It is forecasted that the number of people with dementia will increase to an estimated 75.6 million in 2030, and 135.5 million in 2050. Much of the increase will be in developing countries. Alzheimer s disease is largely diagnosedRead MoreEffects Of The Brain On Alzheimer s Disease1467 Words   |  6 PagesChanges in the brain may a play role in Alzheimer’s disease Introduction â€Å"Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks individuals with AD may start having symptoms their mid-60s† (nih.gov). AD is a multifactorial and progressive neurodegenerative disease. â€Å"Parts of AD, for example, increased oxidative state, amyloid plaque deposition, and neurofibrillary tangle of tauRead More Alzheimer’s Disease and the Symptoms Essay examples838 Words   |  4 Pages In 1906 Aloysius Alzheimer was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist who was credited for identifying the very first diagnosed case of â€Å"pre senile dementia† later to be known as Alzheimer’s disease. One hundred and seven years later we are still not completely sure of the causes of this disease and why only certain people get it. There are nearly eight million people in the world with Alzheimers disease and it’s an advancing and irreversible disease that destroys memory and otherRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease1642 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder when brain cells degenerate and die. Alzheimer’s dieses destroys the patient’s memory within time. The mental functions of the brain also get destroyed when a person gets Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s disease is most commonly seen when the patient is sixty to seventy years old. In this research paper the reader will learn about the signs and symptoms, causes, course of disease, outcome and secondary diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis and survivalRead MoreAlzheimers Disease - the Silent Killer1089 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s disease – The Silent Killer â€Å"Who are you?† â€Å"Do I know you?† Alzheimer’s disease is a very traumatic and disheartening disease that can affect loved ones in our families and relationships. I will be discussing the causes and prevention of this disease even though scientific facts and research are still being tested for validity. Alzheimer’s disease was first diagnosed to be a medical condition back in 1906 by Dr. Alois Alzheimer. Dr. Alzheimer identified this mental illnessRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1304 Words   |  6 Pagesperson knows well, or asking questions continuously can be signs of a more serious problem. It is a disease of the brain that started slowly and gets worse as the time progresses. Alzheimer’s is a progressive destroying of brain tissue that primarily strikes people over the age of 65. Brain functions such as memory, comprehension, and speech deteriorate. The term first introduced by Dr. Alois Alzheimers in 1906. Memory is lost first. As days passes, attention tends to distracted, simple calculationsRead MoreThe Loss Of Second Language1640 Words   |  7 Pages(adulthood). Mr. A who was born in Europe and his first language was Dutch migrated to America, studied, and worked as top level engineer used English as his second language for more than 50 years could not speak English when he turned 93 and his Alzheimer disease worsen. It was difficult for the caregivers to understand and help him with his needs. Though it seems like he could not realize that he lost his ability to speak English, he was seen being frustrated when caregivers misunderstood the need heRead MoreAlzheimers Disease, The Third Leading Cause of Death654 Words   |  3 PagesAlzheimer’s disease (AD) has been ranked the third leading cause of death after heart disease and cancer. New research suggests the ways of identifying the causes of death had previously underestimated the impact of AD, a disease that robs memory and physical abilities in seniors (3). The Alzheimer’s Association says the disease cost the US $203 billion in 2013, and by 2025, an estimated 7.1 million people will suffer from the disease (12). Recent decades have focused on ï ¬ nding genetic causes. But now

Catherine and Beatrice Essay Example For Students

Catherine and Beatrice Essay Examine the ideas of manliness, hostility and aggression in a view from the bridge how are these ideas connected? A view from the bridge was written by Arthur Miller and set in the 1950s in a slum area in Brooklyn. A view from the bridge is a tragedy, it has two themes these are justice and law, it also makes important social and political comments reflecting millers belief in communism. Eddie the main character has a very particular view of what it means to be a man these include protecting his family and being respected in society. When other characters do not conform to his ideas of manliness as in the case of Rodolpho it leads to conflict. Conflict also results when Marco (Rodolphos brother) does demonstrate conventionally masculine characteristics in such s way as to make Eddie feel threatened. Every Greek tragedy has a chorus and a tragic flaw. A Chorus is a group or a single person in this case it is a lawyer called Alfieri and a tragic flaw is something bad that is happening the tragic flaw in this case is Eddies love for Catherine. Eddie has very particular views about what it means to be a man. He believes that being a man means being strong and respected, looking after your family and bringing in food and money! There is an image of a triangle with Eddie at the top as the patriarchal and Catherine and Beatrice at the bottom as equal! This leads to a small scale of conflict with Catherine (Eddies niece). Catherines parents died so Eddie has been looking after her. Catherine has a lot of respect for Eddie and he likes this because it makes him feel manly he does not want her to grow up as he is afraid of losing her and her respect. In the play this leads to conflict as by the end of the play Catherine starts to have more respect for Rodolpho. Eddie says of Rodolpho the guy anit right, the guy is no good he is saying this because he is unsure of Rodolopho. When he first saw Rodolpho he saw his blond hair and this was not thought of as manly. Then Rodolpho starts to sing Paper doll this starts to tell us about Rodolphos life in Italy, its tough to love a doll thats not your own suggests that back there he might have been a bit of a ladies man. Another line of the song he trusts his wife this tells me that although Marco trusts his wife Rodolpho thinks that she will be unfaithful because she is across the world from him. Rodolpho is probably speaking from experience. The next line of paper doll, Im through with all of them, ill never fall again suggests that Rodolpho has turned over a new leaf and is ready to and wants to make a fresh start. So he is going to buy a paper doll that he can call his own he is of course referring to Catherine. It becomes most evident that Catherine and Rodolho like each other when Catherine offers him some sugar and he says sugar? Yes! I like sugar very much if you take this literally, Catherine is in fact offering Rodolpho sugar for his coffee, but colloquially giving someone sugar means giving someone some love. By this point Eddie does not like this. Rodolpho is singing about feminine men with there flirty flirty eyes he also tells them that he cook and also make dresses, Eddie now has more reasons to dislike Rodolpho. Eddie is totally against this because it goes against his society norms. .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 , .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .postImageUrl , .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 , .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4:hover , .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4:visited , .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4:active { border:0!important; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4:active , .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4 .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u62b70da47a6c15834c6a3df1c7f855b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Medieval life EssayIn fact, he suspects Rodolpho himself is gay. On the other hand Marco, Rodophos brother does match up to Eddies idea of what it takes to be a man to the point where Eddie starts to fell threatened. Eddie is now not the only man in the house, as Marco has become more powerful. Being a man comes naturally to Marco. A part of the play to support this is when Eddie suggests going boxing. He chooses boxing is it is a very powerful sport and you have to be very strong and manly to play it. He tries to teach Rodopho and he is very good and then Eddie hits him. Eddie take son the role of being Rodolphos teacher he hits Rodolphos while he is teaching him boxing Marco takes this as a threat and has his suspicions about the punch Marco then stands up for his brother. He is teaching Eddie a lesson trying to make a statement that he is more of a man than him he asks Eddie to pick up a chair from the bottom, Eddie finds this hard and is quite embarressed by this as Marco can do this easily. He is now the dominate male he is the stronger one this may be seen as a physical threat this is where Eddie begins to lose his position and maybe challenge his manliness. Alfieri has a role as a character but also as a narrator commenting on the action and foretelling the final tragedy. Alfieri is thoughtful, well educated, and distanced man who seems to look for the best in everyone. His last speech at the end shows us that he has respect for Eddie. Although he knows that Eddie was wrong he feels that the loss of something true has died as Eddie lived for what he believed, he didnt settle for half he was his own person, pure and true in that he died for what he believed. He says something pure process me from his memory that Eddie was willing for people to know what he felt, he believed in his love Catherine he did not see this as wrong he saw it as pure love. Eddie is the tragic hero although we see it, as wrong he did what he thought was right. Alfieri says, I will love Eddie more than all my sensible clients he confesses that it is better to settle for half because what happened was wrong. This is where it links to law and justice because Morally Eddie was wrong but legally he was not I think that Alfieri felt he had a connection with Eddie as he knew the whole story. Near to the end of the play Catherine turns from the innocent child to the voice of society. This makes her more mature and adult like and she starts to speak the voice of society Catherine tells Beatrice to grow up. The triangle from the beginning changes and Catherine now rises to the top and Eddie goes down to the bottom where Catherine was. Catherine is now the matriarch Eddie does not like this as she has grown up, she has got her own mind and does not look up to him anymore! The play is very dramatic and has bits that surprise the audience; an example of this is where Eddie kisses Catherine and then Rodolpho. This is surprising as it is not expected, kissing Eddie is not very manly and Eddie has very strong beliefs of what it takes to be man the play is a tragedy. Miller was heavily influenced by this tradition of play writing from Greek tragedy to the Norwegian henrik Ibsen. The important social and political comments reflecting millers belief in communism. I think that Eddie. Marco and Rodolpho all have very many different qualities. Eddie caring in his own kind of way, likes to be in control and very protective. Marco strong and caring, very manly and also is protective and trustworthy. .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 , .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .postImageUrl , .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 , .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073:hover , .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073:visited , .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073:active { border:0!important; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073:active , .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073 .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad1eb92badc76e81698a1621f89e8073:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Friday Kohl biography EssayRodolpho funny and entertaining perhaps a bit of a ladies man! The link between manliness, hostility and aggression are used in the play as Eddie uses aggression to show his manliness, as he is not very well educated and he finds it very difficult to share, understand or express his feelings. So he often responds to them with threatening situations with verbal or physical aggression. I think that miller has the same views as Eddie about masculinity and has put them into Eddie characters as a way of expressing his feelings. By the end of the play I did fell sorry for Eddie but also I respected him as he died for what he believed!

From Dirt to Duchess Essay Example For Students

From Dirt to Duchess Essay How could a lowly flower girl make such a drastic change into a refined lady? She could not have possibly pulled it off herself; she would need help. Thus is the case in the play Pygmalion, by G.B. Shaw. The poor flower girl, Eliza, is turned into a duchess, so to speak, by the other characters in the play. The characters responsible for the change in Eliza throughout the play were Henry Higgins, Mrs. Pierce, and Colonel Pickering, all of which had strong influences on her either mentally or physically. The obvious character who influenced transformations in Eliza would be Henry Higgins. He is the one who instituted the bet in which he boasted that he could turn her into a lady. He helped the transformation of Eliza into a lady by pushing her to the brink of exhaustion during her studies of the English Language. This made her stronger physically, but made her resent him. Also, his teachings helped shape her into that of a duchess. Another person responsible for the changes in Eliza was Mrs. Pierce. Her involvement was more with Elizas appearance, rather than her personality. It was Mrs. Pierce who bathed Eliza that first day and it was Mrs. Pierce who kept her appearance refined. She picked out the clothes and made sure she ate correctly. In some ways, Mrs. Pierce was like a mother taking care of a baby; Eliza was the baby because she is just learning how to be a lady. The final and most important character responsible for transformations in Eliza was none other than Colonel Pickering. He was responsible for buying all the beautiful clothes that Eliza wore. Not only did he make her look good, but he made her feel good about herself. He did this by always treating her like she was special, by always treating her like a lady. He always treated her with the respect she deserved. He built up her self-esteem , which pushed her over the hump and made her feel like a lady. All these characters, Higgins, Mrs. Pierce, and Pickering helped transform Eliza into the lady she had the potential to be. They didnt create something out of nothing; instead they unlocked the true nature of Eliza through different methods. Whether it be harsh teaching, good hygiene, or sheer kindness, all three did their part to transform Eliza into a lady.

Marketing management free essay sample

Chapter 1 Defining Marketing for the 21st Century Five basic markets their connecting flows Figure 1.1 Marketing Management An Asian  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, of Perspective Structure Leong Flows in a Modern Exchange Economy Tan 4th Edition International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.01 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 1.2 A Simple Marketing System  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 1.3 Holistic Marketing Dimensions  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.02 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Holistic Marketing In Your own words, define Holistic Marketing? Figure 1.4 The 4 P Components of the Marketing Mix  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.03 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Asian Figure 1.5 Marketing-Mix Strategy  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Perspective 4th Edition Figure 1.6 Factors Influencing Company Asian Marketing Management An Marketing Strategy  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Perspective 4th Edition Page I.04 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Skim a Vietnamese company that you believe has been adopting market-driven research strategy. Identify those strategies. Why do you consider this company to be successful? Chapter 2 Developing Marketing Strategies Plans  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.05 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.1 Two Views of the Value Delivery Process  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Figure 2.2 Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition The Generic Value Chain Marketing Management An Asian Perspective  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, each Study costs performance in Leong Tan activity improve it 4th Edition International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.06 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.3 A holistic marketing network  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 2.4 The Strategic Planning, Implementation Control Processes  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.07 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.5 The strategic planning gap  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 2.6 Three Intensive Growth Strategies: Ansoff’s Product-Market Expansion Grid  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.08 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.7 The Business Unit Strategic-Planning Process Asian  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Perspective 4th Edition Figure 2.8 Opportunity and Threat Matrices  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.09 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.8 Opportunity and Threat Matrices  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Chapter 3 GATHERING Information Scanning the Environment  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.10 MARKETING MANAGEMENT The Demographic Environment Population Age Mix †¢ Populations vary in age mix †¢ Global trend ïÆ'ËœAging population ïÆ'ËœFalling fertility rates †¢ Future Asian retiree: affluent, cosmopolitan †¢ Good market for travel, entertainment  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition The Demographic Environment Population Age Mix 6 Age Groups: 1. Preschool 2. School-age children 3. Teens 4. Young adults age 25 to 40 5. Adults age 40 to 65 6. Older adults age 65 up Most populous groups shape marketing environment  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.11 MARKETING MANAGEMENT The Demographic Environment Ethnic Other Markets †¢ Countries vary in ethnic racial makeup †¢ Ethnic groups specific wants buying habits †¢ Asia’s ethnic diversity: 20 major languages 12 major religions in 12 Asian countries  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition The Demographic Environment Educational Groups Asians desire for knowledge demand for †¢ Books, education †¢ Offshore campuses †¢ Joint degree programs †¢ Online courses  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.12 MARKETING MANAGEMENT The Demographic Environment Educational Groups 5 educational groups: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Illiterates High school dropouts High school degree holders College degree holders Professional degree holders  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition The Demographic Environment Household Patterns Traditional household †¢ Husband, wife children Non-traditional household ï‚ § Singles ï‚ § Single-parent families ï‚ § Divorcees Growing rapidly ï‚ § Distinct needs, buying habits – Eg smaller furniture, food sets ï‚ § Singles can spend Marketing Management An family  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Asian Perspective 4th Edition International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.13 MARKETING MANAGEMENT The Demographic Environment Geographical Shifts in Population †¢ Migration between/within countries – Eg 1997 Hong Kong reverted to China – Hong Kongers migrate to other countries increase demand for housing education †¢ Marketers target these new successful population members  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Social-Cultural Environment Other cultural characteristics: 1. High Persistence- Core Cultural Values ï‚ § ï‚ § Hold core beliefs values that persist Easier to change secondary than core 2. Existence of Subcultures- shared values 3. Shifts of Secondary Cultural Values Over Time ï‚ § Core values cultural swings do take place  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.14 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Natural Environment Marketers to take note of: 1. Shortages of raw materials 2. Increased costs of energy 3. Increased pollution levels 4. Changing role of governments protect environment  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Natural Environment †¢ Nature deteriorates global concern †¢ Air water pollution dangerous levels †¢ Companies practices, protect nature †¢ Green products protect environment †¢ Change consumer attitudes role to protect environment  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.15 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Technological Environment 1. Accelerating pace of change – Computers, internet reduce auto pollution 2. Unlimited opportunities for innovation – Virtual reality consumer reactions to products 3. Varying RD budgets – Content to copy products slight changes 4. Increased regulation- technological change – Public safety  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment Laws, government pressure groups influence limit firms individuals Marketers must work: 1. 2. 3. 4. Within laws business practices Engage special-interest groups Exploit opportunities market reform Deal with corruption  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.16 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment INCREASE IN BUSINESS LEGISLATION But marketers can get around regulations Eg: Dahongying – China bans Tobacco advertising – Yet, Dahongying sells cigarettes seen on TV, billboards in-store displays – Why? Dahongying has education business libraries with same name  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment INCREASE IN BUSINESS LEGISLATION To protect: 1. Companies unfair competition 2. Consumers unfair business practices 3. Society unbridled business behavior â€Å"At what point do costs of regulation exceed the benefits?  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.17 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment INCREASE IN BUSINESS LEGISLATION Protect home industries ï‚ § Eg KFC Bangalore closed overuse of MSG ï‚ § Rumors closed to protect local retailers Counter protectionistic policies, foreign firms new local brands – Eg â€Å"Made-in-Thailand† Heineken beer  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment GROWTH OF SPECIAL-INTEREST GROUPS Consumerist movement strengthen rights powers of buyers ï‚ § ï‚ § Eg: true interest cost of loan Basic ingredients in product Personal data customized products privacy issues public policy issue Consumer affairs policies consumer complaints  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.18 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment MARKET REFORM Consistency nation-building agenda Take time- less developed Asian countries – Vietnam’s doi moi, criticized as too slow, overregulated inefficient  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment CORRUPTION Corruption Asian officials- rife Bribes paid smallest of clearances Survey Chinese most willing pay bribes Asian governments to clean up long-term economic dividends  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.19 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Chapter 4 CONDUCTING Marketing Research and Forecasting Demand  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition †¢ Know the 4 WHs and H of your market? International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.20 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 4.1 The Marketing Research Process  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Marketing Research in Asia Marketing research in Asia challenging WHY? 1. Unreliable/no secondary data 2. Databases not comparable cross-nationally 3. Poor research infrastructure 4. Cultural differences in response 5. Variations in research capabilities 6. High rates of change in marketplace  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.21 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Marketing Research in Asia Solutions: 1. Sequence piloting, adapting rollout of surveys regionally 2. External validation of data sources 3. Use samples on future demographic profiles 4. Invest on research capabilities infrastructure  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 4.2 The Control-Chart Model  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.22 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 4.3 Financial Model of Return on Net Worth  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 4.4 Ninety Types of Demand Measurement (6 Ãâ€" 5 Ãâ€" 3)  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.23 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 4.5 Market Demand Functions  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 4.5 Market Demand Functions  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.24 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Chapter 5 CREATING Customer Value, Satisfaction Loyalty  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 5.1 Traditional Organization versus Modern Customer-Oriented Company Organization  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.25 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 5.2 Determinants Of CustomerDelivered Value  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 5.3 Customer-Product Profitability Analysis  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.26 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 5.4 The CustomerDevelopment Process Main steps in process to attract keep customers  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 5.5 Levels of Relationship Marketing Marketing Management Depends on number of customers profit margin An Asian Perspective  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan 4th Edition International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.27 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing Database marketing process to build, maintain use databases to contact, transact build customer relationships  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Figure 5.6 Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Increasing Customer Share of Requirements  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.28 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing Data Warehouses Datamining Data warehouse: Organized collected data Datamining: †¢ Extract information on individuals trends †¢ Statistical mathematical techniques – cluster analysis neural networking  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Customer Databases Database Marketing Data Warehouses Datamining USING THE DATABASE Database used in 5 ways: 1. Identify prospects 2. Decide customers to receive offer 3. Deepen customer loyalty 4. Reactivate customer purchases 5. Avoid serious customer mistakes  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.29 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing The Downside of Database Marketing CRM 4 problems in using CRM: FIRST PROBLEM: †¢ Build maintain database †¢ Large technology investment skilled staff †¢ Difficult to collect right data †¢ Problem worse in Asia – At least 4 major differences in nature of customer relationships compared to the West  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Customer Databases Database Marketing The Downside of Database Marketing CRM 4 differences in Asia compared to the West 1. Language preference- complex but important 2. Identify by name– challenge racially diverse 3. Some jurisdictions allow 1 marriage †¢ Wealthy males 1 address intricate arrangements 4. Bias against flaunting wealth †¢ Reluctance to declare to strangers, government  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.30 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing The Downside of Database Marketing CRM SECOND PROBLEM: †¢ Difficult to get all to be customer-oriented THIRD PROBLEM: †¢ Not all want relationship with company †¢ May resent company has personal information FOURTH PROBLEM: †¢ Assumptions behind CRM not always true  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Customer Databases Database Marketing The Downside of Database Marketing CRM 4 main perils of CRM: 1. Implement CRM before customer strategy 2. Roll out CRM before changing organization 3. Assume more CRM technology is better 4. Stalking, not wooing customers  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.31 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing NhÆ °Ã¡ » £c Ä‘iá »Æ'm cá » §a cÆ ¡ sá »Å¸ dá » ¯ liá »â€¡u CRM Each company needs to determine how much to invest in building and using database marketing to conduct its customer relationships  © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition †¢ Look at your own business, do you believe that it promotes a CRM? †¢ The advantage and the disadvantage of your business CRM? †¢ Is the CRM relevant to governmental and non profit organization? Explain?

The Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan Initially announced in 1947, the Marshall Plan was a U.S.-sponsored economic-aid program to help Western European countries recover following World War II. Officially named the European Recovery Program (ERP), it soon became known as the Marshall Plan for its creator, Secretary of State George C. Marshall. The beginnings of the plan were announced on June 5, 1947, during a speech by Marshall at Harvard University, but it wasn’t until April 3, 1948, that it was signed into law.  The Marshall Plan provided an estimated $13 billion in aid to 17 countries over a four-year period. Ultimately, however, the Marshall Plan was replaced by the Mutual Security Plan at the end of 1951. Europe: Immediate Post-War Period The six years of World War II took a heavy toll on Europe, devastating both the landscape and the infrastructure.  Farms and towns were destroyed, industries bombed, and millions of civilians either killed or maimed.  The damage was severe and most countries didn’t have enough resources to help even their own people. The United States, on the other hand, was different.  Because of its location a continent away, the United States was the only country that did not suffer major devastation during the war and thus it was to the U.S. that Europe looked for help. From the end of the war in 1945 until the beginning of the Marshall Plan, the U.S. provided $14 million in loans. Then, when Britain announced that it could not continue to support the battle against communism in Greece and Turkey, the United States stepped in to provide military support to those two countries. This was one of the first actions of containment outlined in the Truman Doctrine. However, recovery in Europe was progressing much slower than initially expected by the world community.  European countries compose a significant segment of the world economy; therefore, it was feared that the slow recovery would have a ripple effect on the international community.   Additionally, U.S. President Harry Truman believed that the best way to contain the spread of communism and restore political stability within Europe was to first stabilize the economies of Western European countries who had not yet succumbed to communist takeover.   Truman tasked George Marshall with developing a plan to carry out this goal. Appointment of George Marshall Secretary of State George C. Marshall was appointed to office by President Truman in January 1947.  Prior to his appointment, Marshall had an illustrious career as the chief of staff of the United States Army during World War II. Because of his stellar reputation during the war, Marshall was viewed as a natural fit for the position of secretary of state during the challenging times that followed.   One of the first challenges Marshall faced in office was a series of discussions with the Soviet Union regarding the economic restoration of Germany.  Marshall could not reach a consensus with the Soviets regarding the best approach and negotiations stalled after six weeks.  As a result of these failed efforts, Marshall elected to proceed with a wider European reconstruction plan. The Creation of the Marshall Plan Marshall called upon two State Department officials, George Kennan and William Clayton, to assist with the construction of the plan.   Kennan was known for his idea of containment, a central component of the Truman Doctrine.  Clayton was a businessman and government official who focused on European economic issues; he helped lend specific economic insight into the plan’s development. The Marshall Plan was crafted to provide specific economic aid to European countries to revitalize their economies by focusing on the creation of modern post-war industries and the expansion of their international trade opportunities.   Additionally, countries used the funds to purchase manufacturing and revitalization supplies from American companies; therefore fueling the American post-war economy in the process.   The initial announcement of the Marshall Plan occurred on June 5, 1947, during a speech Marshall made at Harvard University; however, it did not become official until it was signed into law by Truman ten months later.   The legislation was titled the Economic Cooperation Act and the aid program was called the Economic Recovery Program. Participating Nations Although the Soviet Union was not excluded from participating in the Marshall Plan, the Soviets and their allies were unwilling to meet the terms established by the Plan.  Ultimately, 17 countries would benefit from the Marshall Plan.  They were: AustriaBelgiumDenmarkFranceGreeceIcelandIrelandItaly (including the Trieste region)Luxembourg (administered jointly with Belgium)NetherlandsNorwayPortugalSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited Kingdom It is estimated that over $13 billion dollars in aid was distributed under the Marshall Plan.  An exact figure is difficult to ascertain because there is some flexibility in what is defined as official aid administered under the plan.  (Some historians include the â€Å"unofficial† aid which began after Marshall’s initial announcement, while others only count aid administered after the legislation was signed in April 1948.) Legacy of the Marshall Plan By 1951, the world was changing. While the economies of Western European countries were becoming relatively stable, the Cold War was emerging as a new world problem. The rising issues related to the Cold War, particularly in the realm of Korea, led the U.S. to rethink the use of their funds.   At the end of 1951, the Marshall Plan was replaced by the Mutual Security Act.  This legislation created the short-lived Mutual Security Agency (MSA), which focused not only on economic recovery but also more concrete military support as well.  As military actions heated up in Asia, the State Department felt that this piece of legislation would better prepare the U.S. and its Allies for active engagement, despite the public mindset that Truman hoped to contain, not combat communism. Today, the Marshall Plan is widely viewed as a success.  The economy of Western Europe rebounded significantly during its administration, which also helped to foster economic stability within the United States. The Marshall Plan also helped the United States prevent the further spread of communism within Western Europe by restoring the economy in that area.   Concepts of the Marshall Plan also laid the foundation for future economic aid programs administered by the United States and some of the economic ideals that exist within the present European Union. George Marshall was awarded the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in creating the Marshall Plan.

Political Frame Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Frame Paper - Essay Example Rather than allowing the use of power to be destructive, the manager can learn to use power and politics as a skill to be developed within organizational arenas. The first assumption of the political frame perspective states that organizations are a compilation of competing interests and groups (coalitions) with conflict and tension inherent in conducting day-to-day business (Bolman & Deal, 2008). Because of limited resources it becomes necessary for the organizational members to vie for the rights to those resources. There is no escaping the politics of the organization environment. For example, if a Danish center director and a regional marketing director are negotiating with a corporate client that needs French and English training within a month for four executives who are travelling internationally, but a competing center in Italy with the same regional marketing manager also has a need for the same resources for a different client, how would the company make the decision as to which client gets the resources first? Who would take priority? If the regional director is Danish, would it be the Danish center director? From what can be found on the website, those decisions would follow the regional headquarters procedure, because the cultures found under that regional headquarters (in this case Denmark and Italy are both under Europe) are qualified to consider all interests equally (Berlitz, 2010) . Organizations form into coalitions that attempt to influence one another by pooling resources and power of the various members (Bolman & Deal, 2008; McShane & Von Glinow, 2005). The Berlitz Worldwide Regional Directors can use a variety of influence methods to get what they want from one another. Influence tactics include: deferring to authority; assertiveness; information control; coalition formation; upward appeal; ingratiation and impression management; persuasion; and exchange (McShane & Von Glinow, 2005). There are factors to consider when utilizing an influen ce tactic such as upward, downward, or lateral influence, the influencer’s power base, and personal and cultural values. These factors are the reasons why Berlitz is a particularly challenging organization to communicate within. There are a number of aspects to be considered that can be extremely diverse that can affect the power base, reactions, body language, response time, level of defensiveness to requests. Again, factoring all of these things takes time and in the fast-paced world we live in, the leader may not have the luxury of the time to work the issue as some might say and resort to â€Å"hard tactics† rather than â€Å"soft tactics† (p. 356). As a global organization each leader will have to consider the culture they are operating within and the culture of the coalition they are attempting to deal with or experience an exchange. The second assumption within the political frame perspective is that the coalition members cannot ever shake their differenc es. No matter how much training, coaching, and peace keeping skills a leader/manager/diplomat may receive, that coalition member will continue to have persistent differences in attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, feelings, and activities (McShane & Von Gl